Network Security

Asstt. Professor
Dr. Tauqeer Safdar
 Outline
 Architecture
 Physical and link layer
 Network layer
 Transport layer
 Application layer: DNS, RPC, NFS
 Application layer: Routing
 Wireless networks
 More secure protocols: DNSSEC, IPSEC, IPv6
 Why study computer security?
► (1) Computer security is fundamental to individual privacy.
► Many of us keep personal data on our accounts: emails,
bookmarks, coursework.
► Many of us use the network to send personal data or
retrieve personal data.
► Many remote computers keep personal data for us:
financial data and accounts, medical history.
► We want to protect these resources.
 Why study computer security?
► (2) Our society is increasingly reliant on the proper operation of
networked computer systems, and integrity of their data.
 Financial and commercial operations, medical operations,
meteorological, government, social welfare, and so one. (not to
mention the Internet itself.)
► The protection of these systems is as vital as our dependence on the
services they provide.
► An understanding to their limitations is vital.
► Exploited systems have resulted in people’s deaths. (Unavailable
forecasts have caused a ship at sea to be lost.)
 Network Security
► Most Computers require some kind of
information sharing.
► Common mode of information sharing with
other computers vary from Sneaker Nets to
High Speed Networks.
► In order to secure individual computers,
Network Security is the essential part.
 Network Layer Vulnerabilities
►We'll discuss IPv4, although other protocols can be used at this level
►IP features
Network addresses
IP spoofing
Fragmentation
►IP Components:
ICMP
►Transport layer components dependent on IP:
UDP
TCP
 IP Addresses
►Format "A.B.C.D" where each letter is a byte
►Class A network : A.0.0.0
Zeroes are used to indicate that any number could be in that position
►Class B network: A.B.0.0
►Class C network: A.B.C.0
►Broadcast addresses:
255.255.255.255
A.B.C.255
►Special case
0.0.0.0 and A.B.C.0 can be either treated as a broadcast or discarded
 Other IP Addresses
► Multicast (class D)
 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
► Class E (experimental, reserved, i.e., wasted)
 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255
 Junctions
►Router (gateway)
Works at the network layer (e.g., IP)
Joins subnets
Tries to send packets on the best route
►Performs routing
►Firewall
Packet filter that enforces policies (through its filtering)
►Can be transparent and non-addressable
A firewall is not necessarily used as a router (might have only two
interfaces), but it may
A router is not necessarily a firewall
Some configurations have firewalls behind routers
 Special Networks
►Private non-routable networks
192.168.0.0
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
►Loopback network
127.0.0.0
Typically only 127.0.0.1 is used
 CIDR Addresses
►Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Classes A, B, C too rigid
Add flexibility on a bit level instead of byte level
►W.X.Y.Z/B
B is the number of bits that constitute the network
address
/8 is class A
/16 is class B
/24 is class C
 IP Packet
►Source IP
►Destination IP
►Checksum
 IP Spoofing
►Any station can send packets pretending to be from any IP address
►Replies will be routed to the appropriate subnet
Route asymmetry
So, attacker might not get replies if spoofing a host on a different subnet
►For some attacks this is not important
►Analogy
Nothing prevents you from physically mailing a letter with an invalid return address,
or someone else’s, or your own.
Likewise, packets can be inserted in the network with invalid or other IP addresses.
 IP Spoofing with Amplification
►Use broadcasts pretending to originate from victim
►All replies go back to victim
►This may use any IP protocol (ICMP, TCP, UDP)
Any application or service that replies using these protocols
Famous attack: Smurf (using ICMP) DoS
►CERT® Advisory CA-1998-01 Smurf IP Denial-of-Service Attacks
►Many others
►Smurf Amplifier Registry: http://www.powertech.no/smurf/
 ICMP
►Internet Control Message Protocol (IP management)
►Error handling and debugging protocol
►Not authenticated!
►Encapsulated inside an IP header
►Message types:
40 assigned
255 possible
about two dozen in use
►References:
Network Intrusion Detection,
http://www.iana.org/assignments/icmp-parameters
 Basic ICMP Message Types
►0 Echo Reply
►3 Destination Unreachable
►4 Source Quench
►5 Redirect
►8 Echo
►11 Time Exceeded
►12 Parameter Problem
►13 Timestamp
►14 Timestamp Reply
►15 Information Request
►16 Information Reply
 ICMP Echo
►a.k.a.Ping
►Destination replies (using the "source IP" of the original message) with "echo reply"
►Data received in the echo message must be returned in the echo reply
►How can this be abused?
 Scans and Recon
►If an attacker wants to map your network, the trivial way is
to ping all the IP addresses in your network...
►Therefore, if you allow pings, your network is exposed.
 Smurf Attack
►Ping a broadcast address, with the (spoofed) IP of a victim as source
address
►All hosts on the network respond to the victim
►The victim is overwhelmed
►Keys: Amplification and IP spoofing
►Protocol vulnerability; implementation can be “patched” by violating the
protocol specification, to ignore pings to broadcast addresses
►ICMP echo just used for convenience
All ICMP messages can be abused this way
"Fraggle" is the equivalent, using UDP instead of ICMP
 Defending Against IP spoofing
►Ingress filtering
Forbid inbound broadcasts from the internet into your networks
Forbid inbound packets from non-routable networks
►Egress filtering
Prevent stations in networks you control from spoofing IPs from
other networks by dropping their outbound packets
►Make your network a less attractive and useful target for attackers
that want to launch other attacks
►Be a good internet citizen (reputation is important)

Drop outbound broadcasts

 References
►RFC 2267 - "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which
Employ IP Source Address Spoofing".
 Discussion
►What do you think of authentication mechanisms based on
IP addresses?
Examples:
►Tivoli Access Manager
►"FilterPlus" (Dundas)
►Apache .htaccess mechanism
►Web page tutorials
►Publishers (e.g., for university access)
►Games
►New Hampshire State Library
►TCP wrappers
 Question
►Egress filtering is useful for:
a) stopping outbound IP spoofing
b) stopping inbound IP spoofing
c) preventing Smurf attacks
d) preventing ARP cache poisoning
e) all of the above
 Answer
►Egress filtering prevents part of outbound IP
spoofing. A host can still spoof the IP
address of another host on the same network,
because it’s a valid IP address.
 Other Ping Abuse
►Tribe, a.k.a. The "Tribe Flood Network" distributed denial of
service attack tool
►Use ICMP echo request and reply as a secret
communication channel to issue commands to infected
computers
Attackers reversed the normal usage of reply and request messages
►Reply messages used to issue commands and bypass firewalls
►http://staff.washington.edu/dittrich/misc/tfn.analysis
 Why Do You Need Pings?
►To troubleshoot when something doesn’t work
►=> if everything works then you don’t need pings,
especially pings from outside your network...
►CAN-1999-0523 (under review)
ICMP echo (ping) is allowed from arbitrary hosts.
 About These Slides
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► Thanks to the support of Symantec Corporation
 Questions

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