Give It Some Thought

Clicker Questions

Chapter 12

SOLIDS AND
MODERN
MATERIALS

Lynn Mandeltort
Auburn University
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Imagine you generate a three-dimensional lattice
by taking a and b vectors that form a two-
dimensional square lattice. Then add a third vector,
c, that is of different length and perpendicular to
the first two. Which of the seven three-dimensional
lattices results?

a. Cubic
b. Monoclinic
c. Orthorhombic
d. Tetragonal

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Imagine you generate a three-dimensional lattice
by taking a and b vectors that form a two-
dimensional square lattice. Then add a third vector,
c, that is of different length and perpendicular to
the first two. Which of the seven three-dimensional
lattices results?

a. Cubic
b. Monoclinic
c. Orthorhombic
d. Tetragonal

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Atoms in metals easily slip past one another as
mechanical force is applied; can you think of why
this would not be true for ionic solids?

a. Ionic solids have less efficient packing that makes

the slipping motion difficult, causing the solid to
be brittle.
b. When ions slip past each other, like charges
experience repulsions, causing the solid to
be brittle.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Atoms in metals easily slip past one another as
mechanical force is applied; can you think of why
this would not be true for ionic solids?

a. Ionic solids have less efficient packing that makes

the slipping motion difficult, causing the solid to
be brittle.
b. When ions slip past each other, like charges
experience repulsions, causing the solid to
be brittle.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 For metallic structures, does the packing efficiency (see
Sample Exercise 12.1) increase or decrease as the
number of nearest neighbors (the coordination number)
decreases?

a. Packing efficiency increases as the number of nearest

neighbors decreases.
b. Packing efficiency increases as the the volume occupied by
atoms decreases compared to the volume of the unit cell.
c. Packing efficiency decreases as the number of nearest
neighbors decreases.
d. Packing efficiency decreases as the size of the nearest
neighbors decreases.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 For metallic structures, does the packing efficiency (see
Sample Exercise 12.1) increase or decrease as the
number of nearest neighbors (the coordination number)
decreases?

a. Packing efficiency increases as the number of nearest

neighbors decreases.
b. Packing efficiency increases as the the volume occupied by
atoms decreases compared to the volume of the unit cell.
c. Packing efficiency decreases as the number of nearest
neighbors decreases.
d. Packing efficiency decreases as the size of the nearest
neighbors decreases.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Would you expect the alloy PdB0.15 to be a
substitutional alloy or an interstitial alloy?

a. Interstitial alloy, because B has a small size and can

occupy “holes” between Pd atoms.
b. Substitutional alloy, because B has a size that is
sufficiently large to occupy positions held by Pd atoms.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Would you expect the alloy PdB0.15 to be a
substitutional alloy or an interstitial alloy?

a. Interstitial alloy, because B has a small size and can

occupy “holes” between Pd atoms.
b. Substitutional alloy, because B has a size that is
sufficiently large to occupy positions held by Pd atoms.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Which element, W or Au, has the greater number of
electrons in antibonding orbitals? Which one would
you expect to have the higher melting point?

a. Tungsten (W) has the greater number of electrons

in antibonding orbitals and gold (Au) has the higher
melting point.
b. Au has the greater number of electrons in
antibonding orbitals and W has the higher
melting point.
c. W has both the greater number of electrons
in antibonding orbitals and higher melting point.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Which element, W or Au, has the greater number of
electrons in antibonding orbitals? Which one would
you expect to have the higher melting point?

a. Tungsten (W) has the greater number of electrons

in antibonding orbitals and gold (Au) has the higher
melting point.
b. Au has the greater number of electrons in
antibonding orbitals and W has the higher
melting point.
c. W has both the greater number of electrons
in antibonding orbitals and higher melting point.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Is it possible for all atoms in an ionic compound to
lie on the lattice points as they do in the metallic
structures shown in Figure 12.11?

a. Yes, all lattice points are equivalent.

b. Yes, because although an ionic substance has at
least two different atoms, the different atoms can lie
on the same lattice point.
c. No, the lattice points in the metallic structure are
different from those in an ionic one.
d. No, an ionic substance has at least two different
atoms and different atoms cannot lie on the same
lattice points.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Is it possible for all atoms in an ionic compound to
lie on the lattice points as they do in the metallic
structures shown in Figure 12.11?

a. Yes, all lattice points are equivalent.

b. Yes, because although an ionic substance has at
least two different atoms, the different atoms can lie
on the same lattice point.
c. No, the lattice points in the metallic structure are
different from those in an ionic one.
d. No, an ionic substance has at least two different
atoms and different atoms cannot lie on the same
lattice points.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 In the crystal structure of potassium oxide, the oxide
ions are coordinated by eight potassium ions. What
is the coordination number of potassium?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 In the crystal structure of potassium oxide, the oxide
ions are coordinated by eight potassium ions. What
is the coordination number of potassium?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Is this molecule a better starting material for an addition
polymer or a condensation polymer?

a. An addition polymer, because it has no C=C bond available

for a polymer reaction.
b. An addition polymer, because it has a C=C bond available
for a polymer reaction.
c. A condensation polymer, because it has one reactive site
H2N– that can react with H2N on another molecule.
d. A condensation polymer because it has a reactive site
H2N– that can react with a —COOH site on another
molecule with water also forming.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Is this molecule a better starting material for an addition
polymer or a condensation polymer?

a. An addition polymer, because it has no C=C bond available

for a polymer reaction.
b. An addition polymer, because it has a C=C bond available
for a polymer reaction.
c. A condensation polymer, because it has one reactive site
H2N– that can react with H2N on another molecule.
d. A condensation polymer because it has a reactive site
H2N– that can react with a —COOH site on another
molecule with water also forming.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 In copolymers made of ethylene and vinyl acetate monomers,
melting point and degree of crystallinity decrease as the
percentage of vinyl acetate increases. Suggest an explanation.

a. Increasing the amount of vinyl acetate increases the extent

of side chain branching and inhibits crystallinity. Decreasing
the number of crystalline regions results in a decreasing
melting point.
b. Increasing the amount of vinyl acetate increases the extent of side
chain branching and increases crystallinity. Increasing the the number
of crystalline regions results in a decreasing melting point.
c. Vinyl acetate is more flexible than ethylene and this decreases the
degree of crystallinity.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 In copolymers made of ethylene and vinyl acetate monomers,
melting point and degree of crystallinity decrease as the
percentage of vinyl acetate increases. Suggest an explanation.

a. Increasing the amount of vinyl acetate increases the extent

of side chain branching and inhibits crystallinity. Decreasing
the number of crystalline regions results in a decreasing
melting point.
b. Increasing the amount of vinyl acetate increases the extent of side
chain branching and increases crystallinity. Increasing the the number
of crystalline regions results in a decreasing melting point.
c. Vinyl acetate is more flexible than ethylene and this decreases the
degree of crystallinity.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Large crystals of ZnS can show photoluminescence, emitting ultraviolet
photons with energies equal to the band gap energy and a wavelength of
340 nm. Is it possible to shift the luminescence so that the emitted
photons are in the visible region of the spectrum by making appropriately
sized nanocrystals?

a. Yes, by decreasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the

band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission to the visible region.
b. Yes, by increasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the
band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission to visible region.
c. No, by decreasing the size of the particles to form nanocrystals
the band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift
of emission deeper into UV region.
d. No, by increasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the
band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission deeper into UV region.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Large crystals of ZnS can show photoluminescence, emitting ultraviolet
photons with energies equal to the band gap energy and a wavelength of
340 nm. Is it possible to shift the luminescence so that the emitted
photons are in the visible region of the spectrum by making appropriately
sized nanocrystals?

a. Yes, by decreasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the

band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission to the visible region.
b. Yes, by increasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the
band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission to visible region.
c. No, by decreasing the size of the particles to form nanocrystals
the band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift
of emission deeper into UV region.
d. No, by increasing size of the particles to form nanocrystals the
band gap and wavelength will decrease resulting in a shift of
emission deeper into UV region.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.