Liquid Mixing – Supplement

Micromixers

Slide 1
MICROMIXING PRINCIPLES: CLASSIFICATION

Mixing by micro mixers

passive active

• Lamination – parallel • Pressure disturbance

Diffusion
• Electrohydrodynamic
• Lamination serial (‘split-and-recombine’)
• Dielectrophoretic
• Circulatory flow – Chaotic advection • Electrokinetic
a) low Re • Magnetohydrodynamic
b) medium Re
Convection
• Acoustic
c) high Re
• Micro stir-bar
• Droplet • Thermal
N.-T. Nguyen, Z. Wu, J. Microm. Microeng. 15 (2005) R1-R16.
Hessel, V., Löwe, H., Schönfeld, F. Chem. Eng. Sci. 60 (2005) 2479 – 2501.
Slide 2
PASSIVE MICROMIXER DESIGNS TO GENERATE CHAOTIC ADVECTION
Chaotic advection at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Chaotic advection at low Reynolds numbers

N.-T. Nguyen, Z. Wu, J. Microm.

Microeng. 15 (2005) R1-R16.

Slide 3
 MULTILAMINATION OF FLUID STREAMS IN THE RECTANGULAR-
SHAPED INTERDIGITAL MICROMIXER
Hessel et al.; AIChE Journal 5 ml/h : 5 ml/h 4
6 ml/h : 6 ml/h
49, 3 (2003) 566-577
3

c (waterblue) [g/l]
2

1.3 s
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Channel cross section [µm]

1000 ml/h : 1000 ml/h

1000 ml/h : 1000 ml/h
4

c (waterblue) [g/l]
2

4 ms
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Channel cross section [µm]

Similar flow profiles for a wide range of volume flows

Slide 4
 COMPARISON OF MIXING SPEED AND LENGTH IN DIFFERENT
INTERDIGITAL MICROMIXERS
Rectangular geometry
SuperFocus

Triangular geometry
Hardt, S. Schönfeld, F. AIChE Journal
49, 3 (2003) 578-584

Type of Mixing length for Mixing time for

mixer mixing residual mixing residual
of 0.05 of 0.05
0.5
Rectangular Rectangular 11.30 m 2.48 s
0.4 8 l/h
Mixing Residual

Triangular 1.74 m 59 ms

0.3 SuperFocus 0.031 m 3.5 ms
Triangular
0.2 100 ml/h
0.1
SuperFocus
0.0

0 2 4 6 8 10
Slide 5 x [mm]
 LARGE-CAPACITY (350 l/h; 10 bar) SUPERFOCUS MICRO MIXER

P. Löb et al., Chem. Eng. Technol.

27, 3 (2004) 340-345

Slide 6
VALIDATION OF SPLIT-AND-RECOMBINE FLOW PATTERNS

Reactive imaging Diluting imaging

Schönfeld, F., Hessel, V., Hofmann, C. Lab Chip 4, 1 (2004) 65-69

Slide 7
TWO-LAYER CROSSING CHANNEL MIXER FOR CHAOTIC MIXING

Xia, H.M., Wan, S.Y.M. Shu, C., Chewa,

Y.T. Lab Chip 5 (2005) 748-755.

Slide 8
CHAOTIC MIXER WITH PATTERNED GROOVES
Stroock, A. D., Whitesides, G.M. et
al., Science 295, 1 (2002) 647-651
Stroock, A. D., Whitesides, G.M. et al.,
Anal. Chem. 74, 20 (2002) 5306-5312

Staggered herring-
bone mixer (SHM)

No internal structures
Herring-bone (SHM)
s

Straight ridges Mixing length Straight SHM

Pe = 104 1m 1 cm
Pe = 105 10 m 1.5 cm
Slide 9
FLOW ROTATING AND SPLITTING MICROMIXERS
Rotation micro mixer with breakup Barrier-embedded Kenics micro mixer

Outlet
Counterclockwise
twisted helical element Outlet flow

Clockwise twisted
helical element
Circular pipe
Input flow
through inlet
Barrier

Input flow
through inlet

1640mm

387 µm 1000µm
413 µm 100 µm
187 µm

Kim, D. S., Lee, I. H.,

Park, S.-J., Kim, J. K., Park, J., Chung, S., Chung, C., Kwon, T. H., Cho, D.-W.;
Chang, J. K.; J. Micromech. Microeng. 14 (2004) 6-14 150 µm
J. Micromech. Microeng.
100 µm
14 (2004) 1294-1301
Slide 10
BARRIER EMBEDDED KENICS MICRO MIXER: MIXING ANALYSIS
Kim, D. S., Lee, I. H., Kwon, T. H., Cho, D.-W.;
J. Micromech. Microeng. 14 (2004) 1294-1301 1.0

Normalized Intensity
Phenolphthalein 0.8

0.6 T
SGM
0.4 BEM
0.2
NaOH Interface Flow
0
0 5 10 15 20
Downchannel Length [mm]
Phenolphthalein

NaOH Helical Flow

element

Phenolphthalein Barrier

NaOH Helical Flow

element
CHAOTIC MIXING: FLOW PROFILES AT DIFFERENT DEAN NUMBERS
Photometric Fe(SCN)-concentration

60
55
50
45

Fe(SCN)-conc. /mM
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-10
position /mm
Jiang, F., Drese, K. S., Hardt, S., Küpper, M.,
Schönfeld, F. AIChE J. 50, 9 (2004) 2297-2305

K = 100 Poincaré cuts K = 200

MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMIC MICRO MIXER
y Qian, S., Zhu, J., Bau, H. H., Phys. Rev. 14,
10 (2002) 3584-3592

A B C D E

J
V
x W

B
L

Bau, H. H., Zhong, J., Yi, M.; Sens.

Actuat. B 79 (2001) 207-215

d
hessel@imm-mainz-de
BUBBLE ACOUSTIC MICROMIXING – ‚ACOUSTIC MICROSTREAMING‘

Liu, R. H. et al., Lab Chip 2 (2002) 151- Liu, R. H., Lenigk, R., Druyor-Sanchez, R. L., Yang, J.,
157. Grodzinski, P. Anal. Chem. 75, 8 (2003) 1911-1917.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Multi-bubble acoustic mixing; 0 s, 28 s, 1 min, 1 min 46
s
PZT

Bubble

Fluid stream

Portable system with a single

hand-operated source of vacuum

Garstecki, P., Fuerstman, M.J., Fischbach, M.A., Siaa,

S.K., Whitesides, G.M Lab Chip 6, 2 (2005) 207-212.
Slide 14
TODAY‘S EXPERIMENT: DROPLETS FOR EMULSIONS

Slide 15
TODAY‘S EXPERIMENT: DROPLET-IN-DROPLET FOR EMULSIONS

Slide 16