• Introduction:

electrostatics
The branch of electrical engineering which deals with electricity at rest
is called electrostatics
When, we rub two bodies of different material against each other an
electric charge gets developed on them
The quantity & nature of charge depends on, nature of the bodies &
atmospheric conditions
The moving charges produce current & magnetic effects
Apart from moving & accelerated charges, there exists one more type
of charge called static charge
Static charge are responsible for the generation of the forces on other
charges which are called electrostatics force

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• Coulomb’s Inverse Square Law:
1st Law: Like charges repel each other & unlike charges attract each
other
2nd Law: The force between charges q1 & q2 separated at distance “r” is
proportional to the product between the charges & inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them

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•Coulomb’s Law Of Electrostatics:

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• Electrostatics Field Or Electric Field:
The space around the charge is always under the stress & exerts a
force on another charge which is placed around it.
The influence of electrostatics force or stress exists is called electric
filed or dielectric filed or electrostatics field

• Electric lines of force-:

The imaginary lines, distributed around a charge representing the
stress of the charge around it called electric filed or electrostatics lines
of force

• Electric flux (Ψ):

The total number lines of force in any particular electric field is called
the electric flux. Unit- Coulombs (C)
Electric flux Ψ = Q Coulombs

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•Electric Flux Density (D):
The flux passing at right angle through unit area of surface.
Unit- C/m2 & the flux density is also called displacement density

As Ψ=Q
Electric Field Intensity Or Electric Field Strength (E):
The mechanical force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at
any point in the electric field. Unit- Newton/ Coulomb
Suppose a charge of Q coulombs, placed at a point within an electric
filed experiences a force of F Newton then intensity of the electric field
at that points
Higher the value of E stronger is the electric field
Also measured in volts per meter (V/m)

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•Relation between flux density(D) & electric field intensity (E)-:
•The flux density at any point is proportional to the intensity of
electric field at that point.

•Permittivity:
The easiness with which a dielectric medium permits an electric flux
to be established in it.
• Types-
•Absolute Permittivity
The ratio of electric flux density (D) to the electric field intensity (E) at
any point is called AP
Denoted- ε Unit- farads/meter (F/m)
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• Permittivity of Free Space ():
• The ratio of the electric flux density in a vacuum (or free space) to
the corresponding electric field is defined as permittivity of the free
space
• Denoted-εₒ Unit- F/m
• Experimentally, its value has been derived,
(This value is constant)

•Relative Permittivity:
The ratio of electric flux density (D) in a dielectric medium to the
electric flux density in vacuum or free space by the same electric filed
strength
F/m
•The relative permittivity is nothing but the dielectric constant of the
material
•Higher the value of relative permittivity, easier is the passage of
electric flux lines through the material
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Relation between Charge & Applied Voltage:
The charge on capacitor plates depends on the applied
voltage
Let “v” be the voltage applied across capacitor & Q be the
charge on plates. Capacitance is the ratio of charge per unit
potential difference
Capacitor:
The two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating medium
called dielectric. The commonly used dielectrics in capacitor are
paper, mica, air etc.
Capacitance:
The amount of charge required to create a unit potential difference
between the plates. The property of a capacitor to store an electric
energy in the form of static charges is called its capacitance Or it’s
the charge required per unit potential. Unit- Farad(F)

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Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor:
For a fully charged capacitor, the area of plates are ‘A’ kept at distance
‘d’ meter. Q be the charge on plates, Ψ = Q

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Dielectric Strength:
E=V/d, whenever voltage increases
with decreases in ‘d’ the electric field
intensity E increases
This intensity represents the force
exerted on the dielectric material
Every dielectric material has its self
capacity to bear applied voltage. At
certain voltage the dielectric material
breakdown & get punctured & then
dielectric material become useless
Definition-The ability of an insulating
medium to resist its breakdown when
a voltage increased across it called
DS. Unit: KV/cm or KV/mm

Factors Affecting on DS:

Temperature, Types of material Size, thickness & shape of plates
Moisture contents, Air pockets & Molecular arrangement 10
Capacitors in Series:
Consider the three capacitors in series connected across the applied
voltage ‘V’ volts. V1, V2 & V3 are voltages of capacitor C1, C2 & C3
All the three capacitors have the same charge Q
For two capacitors are in series,

•Capacitors in Parallel:
Charges are different

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Type of Capacitor:
Air Capacitor-These are variable capacitors & they are used in radio
receivers
Paper capacitor- It uses for par finned paper as dielectric, use as filter
capacitors in power supply
Mica Capacitor- Suitable for high voltages & high frequency radio
applications. Expensive & Compact
Ceramic Capacitor-Small size, applications & characteristics are
similar to mica cap
Polycarbon Cap- Small value, high accuracy
Electrolyte Cap- For DC only, two AL foil separated by a paper
saturated with a suitable electrolyte, Also called polarized cap
Polycarbonate Cap-Polycarbonate is as dielectric, metalized on both
sides & rolled to form a capacitor

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•Composite Dielectric Capacitors:
When two or more dielectric within parallel plates so called composite
capacitor. Number of dielectrics having different thickness t1 t2 & t3 &
relative permittivities are filled between plates ε1,ε2 & ε3 respectively

&
,
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•Second Type of composite capacitor:
Here two different dielectric materials are
arranged side by side between the pair of
same metal plates
Thickness of both are same “d”, Plates Area A1
& A2, Relative Permittivity are εr1 &εr2
Two Capacitor Are In Parallel:

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Third Type of Composite Capacitor:

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Energy Stored by a Capacitor:
The charging process of a capacitor involves transfer of charge from
one plate to other plate due to p. d. & energy get stored in capacitor.
Initial charge 0 to final charge Q
When, voltage is applied to capacitor an energy is stored in the form of
charge (q) coulomb
Means, the transfer of charges from plate to another plate. This
transfer of charges is against the opposition because of potential
difference across the parallel plates of capacitor
Thus, there is spending of energy during charging meanwhile during
discharging of capacitor, the stored charged is released by capacitor.

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Charging of Capacitor through Resistance:
A resistor and capacitor are connected in series with switch (S) and
voltage source. When, switch is open there is no charging and no
voltage across capacitor
When switch is closed at the instant t=0, the rate of rise of charge at
starting is high and then becomes slow and behaves in exponential till
it reaches up to source voltage (V).
The current at t=0 is high and voltage across capacitor (VC) is zero,
This is maximum charging current. The rate of charging depends on
the value of resistor connected in series.
Charging will be fast if value of resistor is small and charging will be
slow if value of resistor is high. From graph VC increases because of
charging of capacitor and the charging current decrease exponentially.
When capacitor charging, voltage across capacitor (VC) increases and
become equal to applied voltage after some time.
Now, charging current becomes zero. These are steady state values of
voltage and current respectively

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Expression of Capacitor Voltage (VC):
Assume, at t-0 initial voltage is zero the charging voltage (VC) is
instantaneous voltage on charging capacitor.

Time constant (τ) is defined as product of resistance and capacitor.

τ = RC (Sec) ---- (2)
From equation 1 and 2,

After substituting the value of t, in equation (3), we will get the

corresponding values of charging voltage for t=0, τ, 2τ, 3τ…
The time constant is time required for the capacitor voltage to rise
from 0 to 0.632 its final value V.

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Time Constant:
• The charging current is,

• From equation (4), the charging current is maximum at t=0 and it

reduces exponentially with increases in time. Substitute the value
of t= τ in equation (4).

• From equation (5), the time taken by charging current of capacitor

to decreases 0.367 of its initial maximum value. In other words, the
time taken for VC to rise from 0 to 0.632 of its final value V.
• If increases the value of time constant then the time taken by a
capacitor voltage to reach at a particular value also increases.
 

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Discharging a Capacitor through a Resistance:
• Now, a capacitor is discharged through resistor (R) by closing the
switch.
• At the time of closing switch, the capacitor is fully charged and it
discharge through resistor makes current flows in resistor is
opposite direction during charging process.
• Now, VC decreases slowly and current is also decreasing slowly but
in exponentially from maximum to zero.
• As the direction of discharging current is opposite to charging
current, so mathematically considered as negative. Thus, graph of
current verses time is in fourth quadrant.
Equation for VC during discharging circuit,

 
• After substituting the value of t, in equation (6), we will get the
corresponding values of charging voltage for t=0, τ, 2τ, 3τ… is
maximum at t=0 and decreasing exponentially with increasing time
(t). 20
Time Constant:
As we know, time constant (τ) = RC so, substitute the value of t= τ in
equation (6),
 

From above equation, the time required for the capacitor to decreases
to 0.367 of its initial voltage.
The capacitor current is,

Substitute the value of t= τ in equation (7),

The time required for the capacitor current to decrease to 0.367 of its
initial maximum value.

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•Charging & Discharging of Capacitor-:

•Time Constant-:

Charging Voltage-:

But,

Then,
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•Discharging Current-:

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Charging of Capacitor