mobile Communication

Topic:-GSM/ GPRS/EDGE.
Mr. Mohamed Ahmed Adan
 Gsm technology

• GSM is second Generation Technology used in digital technology.

• It support voice and SMS only.

• The data rate ********** 56.6kpbs.

• It was used FDMA Support

• It circuit switch.
GSM System Architecture
GSM ARCHITECHHURE
GSM BSS
GSM - BTS
 GSM ARCHITECHHURE
In GSM has three main parts, base station sub system, network
subsystem, operation subsystem.

Base Station Subsystem consist of BTS And BSC, Where the Network
Subsystem are considered to as core Part MSC and Data bases.

Operation Sub System:- it maintains and manages the switching and

radio frequency problems.
 Bts base station transceiver
BTS:-Base Station Transceiver, in GSM BTS is base band unit where
antenna placed in the top of tower and connected the shelter Room,
also the shelter room consist of the TRX unit and coupling system of
the antenna and multiplexing.

Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the

density of users in the cell.
 Bts base station transceiver
Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and feeding the RF
signals to the antenna.

 Time and frequency synchronizing

 Voice through full- or half-rate services

 Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing received signals.

 Msc- Mobile switching center
MSC:-Mobile Switching Center is Heart of network, it co ordinated the
whole function of the Network like LAC Location Update, paging massages,
charging and intelligent Network.

In HLR Home Location Register it Stored home User Data Base, this data
base are permanently Data base.

VLR Visitor Location Register When you move in Home MSC1 To Another
MSC2 then MSC tells to Allocated another Area and also your data
transferred in VLR.
 Msc- Mobile switching center
The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs.

 The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.

 The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the
radio link to the standard 64 Kbps channel used by the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or ISDN and also converter
between BSC to MSC is called TRAU.

 It is a switching device that handles the radio resources.

 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which is the
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) ), performs the switching of calls
between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well
as the management of mobile services such as authentication.
 Elements of NSS
Home Location Register(HLR).

HLR is data base stored in permanently such as this data base is unique o the user,

Also this data base stored when you pay a new Simi card, that data base stored in HLR Data Base.

A subscriber's service profile

 location information

 activity status

 database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming restrictions, supplementary services.

 When an individual buys a subscription in the form of SIM then all the information about this
subscription is registered in the HLR of that operator.
 Elements of NSS
Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by
the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers.

Reduces number of queries to HLR

Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Location Area, authentication key

 IMSI: International Mobile Equipment Identity.

 TMSI: Temporary Mobile Equipment Identity.

 MSISDN: Mobile Station Integrated Service Digital Network.

 MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number

 Authentication Center (AUC)

The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key
stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering
of the radio channel.

 The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's
cellular world.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile equipment on the network, where its International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI) identifies each MS. An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been
reported stolen or is not type approved.
 The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all
equipment in the switching system and to the BSC.
Here are some of the OMC functions:
 Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end
terminals, charging and statistics).
 Security Management.
 Network configuration, Operation and Performance Management.
 Maintenance Tasks.
 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
.
 Me- mobile handset
Mobile Handset:- Provides Ability to Access the Network in
GSM,GPRS.UMTS,HSPA,LTE such as Voice and data.

The mobile handset antenna accessing the network base station that
can be radiated in Downlink direction.
 Me-mobile handset
Each mobile handset has unique IMEI Called As IMEI Number.

Which also stored the data EIR(equipment identity register) that used
for authenticating propose.

Mobile handset camps to the GSM network through the BTS serving
Cells.

Mobile handset also scanning the frequency and neighboring cell and
reports the signal strength.
 mobile handset
Mobile handset transmits as well as receive 13kbps to the air interface
also called Um interface.

In GSM specification they some aspects that works in air or radio
interface such as converting analog voice into digital voice through the
channel coding.

And then interleaving and chippering and then modulating.

 Mobile station output power.
Class 1 *****************20 watt ***vehicle and portable

Class 2*****************8watts *** portable and vehicle.

Class 3*****************5 watt *** handheld

Class 4*****************2 watt handheld in GSM

These power class talks about ability to access in Gsm coverage.

 Bts base station (trx)
Base station has set Transceivers(TRX) To communicate both
transmitting As well as Receive in Mobile Area.

One BTS covered one ore more cells that attached to the network.

The capacity of the cell or tower depends on the numbers transceivers

in the cell.

The BTS connected to the BSC through the Abis interface.

BTS commands has a TX power, Handover, and Timers.

Bts base station (trx)
 Bts base station (trx)
The Base Station Transceiver is equipment that transmits as well as
receives that mean that can transmit or reception in to the Air interface
called UM interface.

The BTS attached the antenna on the top of the cell tower, also the
antenna radiated into in to the frequency the antenna.

The BTS has a number of cards to processing the Signals also

sending as well as receive.
 Function of bts
Transmitting and receiving from signal that comes in Mobile handset
Direction.

Signal encoded to channel that means transmitting and encrypted.

Multiplexing that used for protection case.

And modulated in BTS System.

 Bts hardware
In hardware the base station consist :-

1. Coupling System

2. TX/RX Antenna.

3. CBCF.

For coupling system to connect the antenna system separate TX/RX.

TX/RX antenna doing to processing radio signals in their TX/RX card.

Compact base Function control using for multiplexing.

 Base Station Controller (BSC)
The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network.

It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the
BTSs in its group.

It manages the radio resources and controls items such as handover
within the group of BTSs, allocates channels.

It communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis
interface.
Base Station Controller (BSC) BSC architecture
 MSc Mobile switching Center
MSC co-ordinates the setting up of calls to and from GSM users.

controls a number of Base Station Sub-systems (BSSs) within a

specified geographical coverage area.

gives the radio subsystem access to the subscriber and equipment

databases.

When the MSC provides the interface between PSTN and BSS in the
GSM network it is called the Gateway MSC.
Msc Mobile switching Center
 MSc Mobile switching Center
 Some important functions carried out by MSC.

call processing.

control of data/voice call setup

inter BSS & inter MSC handovers

control of mobility management

operation & maintenance support

database management
 Gsm channels
Control channels are divided into three categories:-

1. Broadcast channel.

2. Control channel

3. Dedicated channel.

Broadcast channel are :- BCCH,FCCH.SCH.

 Gsm channels
Control channels are divided into three categories:-

1. Broadcast channel.

2. Control channel

3. Dedicated channel.

Broadcast channel are :- BCCH,FCCH.SCH.

Gsm channels
 Gsm channels
Control channels:- Those Are to access the Network.

1. RACH

2. AGCH

3. PCH.

Dedicated channel:-those are to carry the voice of bits in transmission.

1. SDCCH,SACCH,FACCH.
 Gsm channels
When the Antenna launched in BTS, All the time the antenna radiate
in downlink direction that called Broadcast channels.

 when we transmit the information we need a Band, Also without

Band the Communication not Done.

Also the Media to propagate the information are called channel.

In when we sent the information we need Broadcast channels, those

who are sent the information in Downlink direction are called BCCH.
 Gsm channels
Next antenna radiated the cell, we need the frequency to propagate also called
FCCH.

And then When the MS handset to access the Network we need the MS and the
Network are Timely Synchronized.

In these Broadcast channels are downlink Direction.

And this channel are called SCH Synchronized control channel.

In idle Mode:-that means when we not used the mobile subscriber in to the
Network.
 BCCH BRAODCAST CONTROL
CHANELL
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel )

broadcasts general information of the serving cell called System

Information.

BCCH is transmitted on timeslot zero (TS 0) of BCCH carrier read

only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs.
 Gsm channels
When to access to the access to the network or BTS to UE, Network gives me
BCCH,FCCH,SCH.

RACH:- Stands for Random Access Channel this channel used for when you access
to the Network that means RACH used for Request propose for Uplink Direction.

 This is a downlink channel. After the mobile phone request for dedicated channel
using the RACH, the BTS uses ACGH, to send acknowledgement back to the cell
phone. This channel is also used during call set up. Then the Network or BSC gives
me dedicated channel for carry signaling information that called. SDCCH
 Gsm channels
Paging Channel(PCH): This is a downlink channel used for paging
purposes Means when you move one location to another location this
channel transmits small massages and says gives this mobile handset
to another location or another BTS.

The BTS uses this channel to inform the mobile phone about an
incoming call. The mobile phone periodically monitors these channel
from time to time.
 Gsm channels
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)/TCH:-to carry bits of voice.

1. SACCH :-Slow associated control channel carry short Massages.

2. FACCH:-Fast associated control channel carry Vedio conferencing.

 Gsm identifier
GSM Identifier:- Talks About Simi card.

MSISDN:-Stands for Mobile Subscriber integrity service digital

number.

It consist 10 digits.

 Gsm identifier
MSISDN:-it consist Country code National Valid Number.

The Mobile subscriber(MSISDN) Number in Telephone Number of

the MS.

It contains:-
 Gsm identifier
It contains 10 digit:- CC+ National Valid Number.

The National Valid Number is 10 Digit.

2digits tells the MSC ID+3digit HLR ID+5Digit Serial Number.

Example:- The person Who have the serial number then registered
HLR of this MSC.

When Ever you Making the call the MSC gives me Digital analysis.
That means valid number to find out the location of the USER
 Gsm identifier
IMSI:- Stands For International Mobile Subscriber Identity.

IMSI:-Are the Simi card you have it also its 15 Digit.

MCC:+Mobile country code

MNC:-Mobile Network Code.

MSISN:-Mobile subscriber serial bumber.

 Gsm identifier
TMSI:-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity that means to keep
secrecy of the Mobile you need the TMSI.

When you move one location to another location the MSC locate
TMSI to the subscriber to keeps the Information of the Mobile.

When you change the location in one area to another area TMSI need
also compulsory.
 Gsm identifier
MSRN:-Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number that means when you
move MSC1 to MSC2 exchange information Will be done.
 Gsm identifier 2
BSIC:-Base Station Identity Code, Every Base station have unique ID
that means the Network operators have Different BTS id Number.

We can define in different base station whit different color.

You can define the Network color code and BSC Base station code.

Both of them it have 3 bits.

You can define the total Bts assigned in one area.

 Cgi- cell id globally
Cell Id :- Cell ID means if you have cell access you need to identify
globally or area connected to.

First you require:-

 cell globally identity
How to identity the cell in globally.

Cell Id :- Example in India +91 02+CHD+05.

That Means+91 country code in India.

02 operator you are using in semi card in air tel.

Location Area code CHD Chandigarh.

Cell id you using 05.

Imei international mobile equipment Identity
IMEI:- Particularly unique any device attached to the Network, what
you know serial Number.

It consist composition of TAC+FAC+SNR+SP.

TAC:-Type of approval code that means type of device you are used it is
6bit.

FAC:-Finally assembly code that means the area code of the device used
it. It is 2 bit/

Serial number it is 6 Bit also.

 Handover in Gsm.
Hand over:- Why handover is Requirements.

When you moving one are to another area we need Handover.

 Gsm bands
*********CGI.

**********GSM Bands

**********GSM Specification.

CGI:- How identify the cell globally, cell has particular unique ID,
this ID unique Globally.

CGI:- is the composition of MCC+MNC+LAC+CI.

 Gsm bands
MCC Mobile Country which country specific and we have MNC,
which is operator code specific and LAC where LAC is Area Specific.

And CI which is operator cell specific.

For Example.

Iam in india also using the network air tell And I leaving area of Delhi
and also have cell id.
 Gsm bands
MCC Mobile Country which country specific and we have MNC,
which is operator code specific and LAC where LAC is Area Specific.

And CI which is operator cell specific.

For Example.

CELL having 3 sectors like alpha, beta and gama.

Iam in india also using the network air tell And I leaving area of Delhi
and also have cell id.
 Gsm bands
Somalia has country code 637 + operator code Somtel /Telesom
having 63 or 65 and Area you are using HGA and Hga make region
Hero Awr and also cell Id 05.

We have range of band available in Electromagnetic Waves, also we

have band in Telecommunication

In Telecommunication We have range in Frequency and

telecommunication with out frequency license the communication not
working.
 Gsm bands
Coming Band For Gsm in India, we have band available 900Mhz,
1800Mhz and also Have 1900 Mhz.

Actually we have relationship between Frequency and distance.

The frequency is inversely proportional to the distance.

If my frequency is less ,distance covered will be More and limited

capacity and the Number of sites will be less.

If the frequency is large or higher frequency the Distance Covered

will be Less and the final higher Capacity and assigned more sites.
 Gsm specification
Radio Frequency Bands. In GSM AVAILABLE.

GSM 900 MHZ.

900 MHZ:- which is commonly use and Also limited capacity compared to
other band.

Also the frequency is less and quality of the system will be Less.

And we have Duplex techniques That Means Have FDD mode and TDD
mode.

That means half of the frequency will be used in Uplink and half of time will
be Assigned in Downlink.
 Gsm specification
In FDD mode have the frequency will be assigned in uplink, and also
in between there's is guard band.

And uplink frequency and downlink frequency don’t interference to

each other.

Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 MHz.

BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 MHz.

And also in between there is channel spacing 935-915 MHz…..

20MHz.
 Gsm specification
Channel spacing means the difference between the uplink and
downlink frequency that called channel spacing.

The channel spacing is 20 MHz.

From 890,891,892 ************915MHz. Also you have 25 MHz.

And also carrier spacing should be Carrier Separation : 200 KHz in

GSM.

And write in MHz 0.2MHz for carrier separation from 890.1,

890.2 ,890.3,890.4 ***************891 MHz.
 Gsm specification
We have space of 0.2 MHz. that called guard band frequency so the
uplink frequency and downlink frequency don't interference each
other.

And also the total carrier spacing 5Mhz and multiply 25 MHz and this
equal to 125 ARFCN and this number is known as Absolute Radio
Frequency channel Number.

So I have 125 minus 1, the 1 is used as guard so I have 124 ARFCN in
GSM band also allocated in Frequency.
 Gsm specification
In 900MHZ there is 124 ARFCN is allocated in Frequency available.

So I have 124 ARFCH for uplink and 124 ARFCN for downlink
frequency.

Another thing which has duplex spacing that means the difference
between the first uplink and the first downlink and also called the last
uplink and last downlink that called duplex spacing

Duplex spacing is 45MHZ.

 Gsm specification
 so basically three operator working in 900 MHz.

Ihave1…….20, 21……..40, 41…. …80 81 …………124 ARFCH.

In Telecom Regularity authority they purchased licenses in spectrum.

 No operator can use first ARFCH and last ARFCN for telecom
regularity authority. TRAI.

So fore example I have 20 AFRCH in one area, but 20 AFRCH is less
so I have concept in frequency reuse

Reuse those frequency again and again in one area to another area.
 Gsm specification
 Next Band in GSM ***************** 1800 MHz band.

As the FDD mode And TDD Mode Have of the frequency should be
assigned in uplink Direction And Have of Time Should Be Assigned
in Downlink direction.

In 1800 MHz Band it can be divided in to two :-

1710 to 1785 and 1805 to 1880.

In 1710 to 1785 it reserved for uplink and also 1805 and 1880 is
reserved in downlink direction.
 Gsm specification
In between the uplink frequency and downlink frequency there's Gab.

The gab should be 20 MHz. also is my channel spacing so the uplink

and downlink don’t interference each other.

That Means this 20 MHz is space of the uplink and downlink

frequency.

Also the uplink and downlink frequency don’t interference one

another .

calculate the total number of channels available in 1800 Band.

 Gsm specification
In 1800 MHz Band there's uplink and downlink frequency channels.

1710 ********1785 and the difference will 75 MHz.

We have 1710, 1710.1, 1710.2 …………………………………..1711.

75 MHz*5 and then Equal to 375 ARFCH that allocated.

And also 375MHz minus one and then equal to 374 and 1 for reserved
for guard band channel.

In 1800 MHz. I have 374 total number of ARFCH.

 Gsm specification
The RF parameter 1900 MHz.

Also we have duplexing mode, have of the frequency assigned in uplink and
also have of time assigned in downlink.

1900 MHz we have 1850….1910 in uplink frequency and the downlink

frequency we have 1930….1990MHz.

Uplink 1850..1910 and downlink 1930 to 1990.

So the difference in uplink and downlink frequency is 60 Mhz.

Also the carrier separation will be 200khz will be equal 0.2 MHz. for guard
band.
 Gsm specification
So in 900MHz we have 930.1,930.2 ………………………931MHz.

And then 60MHz Multiply the 5 for guard band and then equal to 300
ARFCH.

In 900 MHz we have 124 ARFCH, 1800MHz also we have 374Mhz
And also 1900MHz we have 299Mhz.

For example operator company for using the rule 40ARFCH.

So Airtel in india have 10ARFCH

10 ARFCH not related to users or Mobile subscriber.

 Gsm specification
1 ARFCH if you using in TDMA can support 8 Users At the Time.

So 40 ARFCH can support 40*8 and equal to 320 User at time.

Also the Modulation schemes in GSM:-

Modulation Method : GMSK

Access Method : TDMA/FDMA

Air transmission rate : 270.833 Kbps

 Planning arfch
How to plan in ARFCH needed to purchase the Frequency.

Frequency planning

We have three sectors in every cell and also consist of Alpha, beta and
gamma.

And also divided in 120 degree in every sector in one area.

So you can check when you planning the interference between the sectors.

Also the interference should be either co channel interference and adjacent

interference.
 Planning arfch
Co channel interference means planning with a same frequency,

a adjacent channel interference means when you design frequency

such as 1,2 that is called adjacent channel interference.
General packet Radio service
(gprs).
 WTHAT IS THE GPRS

• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) This technology is the second

technology also Enhancement of the GSM, is a packet based
communication service for mobile devices that allows data to be sent and
received across a mobile telephone network. GPRS is a step towards 3G
and is often referred to as 2.5G.

• In GPRS Technology have some modification in the System and

operation when data will flow on the system.
Architecture and functionality of GPRS
Modifications required for GPRS
Mobile Handset: A totally new subscriber terminal is required to access GPRS
Network.

When the Technology change the Subscriber entity will be change.

And the Mobile devices will Be enabled GPRS Technology also Called 2.5G.

BTS: A software upgrade is required in the existing base transceiver site (BTS).

.
BSC: Stands for Base station controller it Manages and controlled the Radio Network
Resources.
MSC: Stands for Mobile Switching Center is the Brain of Network that Means it connect
one to END.
In hardware the installation of new software upgrading will be come that called (PCU).

PCU: The packet control unit it direct Connection in GPRS in following in Data.

Core Network: The deployment of new core With GPRS its Requires new core entity also
that supported in GPRS.
The installation new core also SGSN that stands for Serving GPRS support node, And
GGSN gate way support Node.

.
In core Data Bases in GPRS HLR,VLR.EIR,AUC.

o All the databases involved in the network will require software upgrades
to handle the new call models and functions introduced by GPRS.

o HLR stands for Home Location Register, I have register In Network In

permanent, That Means it stored in database in Home.

o VLR: Stands For Visitor Location Register, if you move one area of
network the MSC will be Tell the network to Allocate in new cell that
data base called VLR.
EIR That stands for Equipment Identity Register also have:-

o White list users that saves the normal Users.

o Grey list that saves the service blocking and incoming calls.

o Black list …………….. Wanted.

 Functions of SGSN
It allows routing

Hand over IP address Assignment.

Keeps the Location of the Subscriber.

Performs security functions and access control.

Connected to BSS with frame relay.
 Functions of GGSN
Serves as the interface to external networks. This node is accessed by Packet Data
Network (PDN). It contains routing information. This is where the packet data
protocol are analyzed for routing to respective MS.

The functions of SGSN and GGSN can be implemented one unit. All GPRS
related data is stored is a GPRS Register(GR), which is regarded as part of the
GSM-HLR.

GGSN is a gateway, router and firewall rolled into one.

 EDGE 2.75 Architecture
 In enhancement the GPRS we Evaluated in EDGE technology to increase the
data rate of the System.

The sign of EDGE is Also we are not upgrading hardwardly but we upgrade the
system by Using the 8PSK by the processing three bits per second at the time.

In edge technology we do not replace any equipment we upgrade the system in
software and hardware.
 GSM band
We have range of band available in Gsm.

Band means Range of Frequency, When the Communication needed

we need the media to communication and we say we can require a
channel.

These channel or medium is my Frequency.

The communication is not possible with out frequency.

 GSM band
In Band of GSM 900MHZ,1800MHZ,1900MZ.

This band available in India.

Actually we have relationship frequency and distance you covered.

If my frequency is less that more you covered in large distance.

If the frequency is higher the distance will be covered is less.

 GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation : 200 KHz
Duplex Distance
: 45 MHz
No. of RF carriers : 124 , that means 25*5=125-1 =124
Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method : GMSK
Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
 GSM Drive Test
Drive Test is the Procedure to capture the radio parameter with the help
of Software.

Why Derive Test Required? ANS to check the Performance of the

Network that Means the Performance of the cell.

Drive Test: they are three level of drive test.

Site Level Drive Test, cluster Level Drive Test, Market Level Derive
Test.
 GSM Drive Test
The fundamental unit of the network or Smallest unit of the Network
are called cell.

Group of cells combined Together are called CLUSTER.

Number of cluster combined Together are called Market level.

Levels of Drive Test are Tested from Lowest to highest.

GSM Drive Test
 Gsm single site Drive Test
Single Site Drive Test

In single Site Drive Test You Must Consider.

o To check the parameter of the Coverage.

o Coverage means how much signal connectivity are Working.

o Power level.

o RX level.
 Gsm single site Drive Test
For the single site level of drive test the DT Direction will be
clockwise direction or anticlockwise direction.

You can move the all direction of the cell.

Also you can check the hand over of the system if you can move from
one cell to another cell.

Also the antenna shelter room means the baseband unit.

Also optimization single site are called single site optimization.

 Gsm cluster site Drive Test
What steps the cluster Level ?, the cluster means we have multiple
cluster connecting each other to cover the national high ways.

What parameters should consider also to find out.

Handover of the system, frequency planning, check the interference.

Power level, handover failure, call set up success.

The optimization of cluster level also called cluster optimization.

 Gsm market level Drive Test
In market level we classified in different areas into to number of
clusters.

If you Moving one Area to Another Area the Hand Over Will come.

We can also checked the frequency Parameter.

These biggest Level of Drive Test.

 Single site verification process
Start **********************************************>
Preparation of WORK :-WE REQUIRE TOOLS OF TEMS
INVESTIGATION.
 TEST METHODS.
 TEST ROUTES
 CONFIGURATION
 SITE STATUS
***************************************************
 HARDWARE TESTING.
 TO CHECK ANTENNA FEEDERS.
 CALL COMPLETION OR NOT
 RX LEVEL QUALITY
 HAND OVER
ALL PARAMETERS IF OK THE DRIVE TEST WILL SUCCESS.
IF NO ADJUSTMENT REQUIRED*********************
 TOOLS PREPARATION DT
Preparation Tools For Single Drive Test:-

Car

GPS

DT Drive Software

TEMS

Phone
END