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Eng6003 - W1L2

This document provides an overview of digital signal processing concepts including signal classification, the concept of frequency for continuous and discrete time signals, and analog to digital conversion. It defines different types of signals, discusses sinusoidal signals and complex exponential representations, and covers the sampling theorem as it relates to converting analog signals to digital form without aliasing.

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25 views32 pages

Eng6003 - W1L2

This document provides an overview of digital signal processing concepts including signal classification, the concept of frequency for continuous and discrete time signals, and analog to digital conversion. It defines different types of signals, discusses sinusoidal signals and complex exponential representations, and covers the sampling theorem as it relates to converting analog signals to digital form without aliasing.

Uploaded by

shadankhattak
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENG6003 Digital Signal Processing

Week 1 Lecture 2
Signal Classification, Frequency, ADC

Shadan Khan Khattak

2022-23/Term 1
Outline
• Introduction
• Classification of Signals
• Multichannel and multidimensional
• Continuous time vs discrete time
• Continuous valued vs discrete valued
• Deterministic vs random
• The Concept of Frequency
• Continuous time sinusoidal signals
• Discrete time sinusoidal signals
• Harmonically related complex exponentials
• Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog
• Sampling of analog signals
• The sampling theorem
1. Introduction
• Signal:
• Any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other
independent variable or variables.
• A time varying quantity which carries information.
• For example
• Audio signals (speech, music), images, video signals, sonar signals or
ultrasound, biological signals such as the electrical pulses from the
heart, communications signals etc.
1. Introduction
• Mathematically,
• a function of one or more independent variables
• Examples
1. Introduction
• A speech signal is generally represented as a sum of sinusoids
of different amplitudes and frequencies
• E.g.,
1. Introduction
• System
• A physical device that performs an operation on a signal
• E.g. a filter used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a
desired information bearing signal
• Linear and Non-Linear Systems
• Linear operations -> Linear Systems
• Nonlinear operations -> Non-Linear Systems
• Software and Hardware Systems
Classification of Signals
Real-valued and Complex-valued Signals

Real-valued Signal:

Complex-valued Signal:
Classification of Signals
Multichannel Signals
• Signals generated by multiple sources (or sensors)
• E.g.,
Classification of Signals
Multidimensional Signals
• The dimension of a signals depends on the number of independent variables
• E.g., a two-dimensional signal
Classification of Signals
Multidimensional Signals
• The dimension of a signals depends on the number of independent variables
• E.g., a two-dimensional signal
• A Black and White TV picture is three-dimensional i.e.,
• A colour TV picture is three-channel, three-dimensional i.e.,

• In this course, we mainly deal with single channel, one-dimensional, real or complex valued
signals.
Classification of Signals
Continuous Time versus Discrete Time Signals
• Continuous Time Signals
• Also called analog signals
• Functions of a continuous variable
• E.g.,
Classification of Signals
Continuous Time versus Discrete Time Signals
• Discrete Time Signals
• Defined only at certain specific values of time.
• E.g.,

• Mathematically represented by a sequence of numbers


• Therefore, a DT signal is also called a sequence
Classification of Signals
Continuous Time versus Discrete Time Signals
Classification of Signals
Continuous Valued versus Discrete Valued Signals
Continuous Valued Signal
• Takes on all possible values on a finite or an infinite range
Classification of Signals
Continuous Valued versus Discrete Valued Signals
Discrete Valued Signal
• Takes on values from a finite set of possible values
• A DT signal having a set of discrete values is called a digital signal
• The process of converting CV signal into DV signal is called quantization
Classification of Signals
Continuous Valued versus Discrete Valued Signals
Classification of Signals
Continuous Valued versus Discrete Valued Signals
Classification of Signals
Deterministic versus Random Signals
Deterministic Signals
• Can be described by a mathematical expression, a table of data, or a well-defined rule
• Present, past, future values known without any uncertainty
Random Signal
• Signals that evolve in time in an unpredictable manner
• Analyzed using probability and stochastic processes
Concept of Frequency
Continuous Time Sinusoidal Signals

CT Sinusoid:

• A: Amplitude
• Ω: frequency (rad/s);
• We often use the frequency F in cycles per second or hertz, where
• : phase (rad)

Alternatively, CT Sinusoid:
Concept of Frequency
Continuous Time Sinusoidal Signals

Properties of the CT Sinusoid:


1. For every fixed value of the frequency F, is periodic i.e.
where is the fundamental period of the sinusoid.
2. CT sinusoids with distinct (different) frequencies are themselves distinct.
3. Increasing the frequency F results in an increase in the rate of oscillation of the signal.
Concept of Frequency
Continuous Time Sinusoidal Signals

Representation of a sinusoidal signal as sum of complex exponentials


• A complex exponential signal has the form:
• From Euler’s identity,
• So,
Concept of Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals

DT Sinusoid:

• A: Amplitude
• n: integer variable (called the sample number)
• : frequency (rad/sample);
• We often use the frequency f in cycles per sample, where
• : phase (rad)

Alternatively, DT Sinusoid:
Concept of Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals

Properties of the DT sinusoid


1. A DT sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational number (i.e. ratio of two
integers)
2. A DT sinusoid whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of are identical.
3. The highest rate of oscillation in a DT sinusoid is attained when , or equivalently,
Concept of Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals

Properties of the DT sinusoid


1. A DT sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational number (i.e. ratio of two
integers)
Example:
Concept of Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals
Concept of Frequency
Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals

Representation of a DT sinusoid as sum of complex exponentials


Concept of Frequency
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials

CT exponentials:

DT exponentials:
Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion


Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion

Sampling of Analog Signals


Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion

Sampling of Analog Signals


Aliasing:
• An infinite number of CT sinusoids is represented
by sampling the same DT signal.
• If ,
• Aliasing will occur
• i.e. are indistinguishable from the frequency after
sampling, and hence they are aliases of
• In that case, () is the folding frequency
Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion

Sampling Theorem
• If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal is and the signal is sampled at a
rate , then can be exactly recovered from its sample values using interpolation.
• i.e., to avoid aliasing,

(Nyquist Rate)
Practice Problems

Proakis:
• Example 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.4.3
• Problems 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8

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