PRESENTATION ON

SUPERVISED
LEARNING
 Supervised learning,
also known as
supervised machine
learning, is a
subcategory of machine WHAT IS
learning and artificial
intelligence. It is
SUPERVISED
defined by its use of LEARNING?
labeled datasets to
train algorithms that
classify data or predict
outcomes accurately.
 Supervised learning uses a
training set to teach models to yield the
desired output. This training dataset includes
inputs and correct outputs,
which allow the model to learn over time.
The algorithm measures its accuracy through the loss
function, adjusting until the error has been sufficiently
minimized.
The term machine
learning was coined
in 1959 by Arthur
Samuel, an IBM
employee and pioneer in When was
the field of computer machine learning
gaming and artificial discovered?
intelligence. The
synonym self-teaching
computers was also used
in this time period.
 Supervised learning
uses a training set to
teach models to yield
the desired output.
This training dataset
includes inputs and HOW
correct outputs, which
SUPERVISED
allow the model to
learn over time. The LEARNING
algorithm measures its WOKS?
accuracy through the
loss function,
adjusting until the
error has been
sufficiently minimized.
Supervised learning can be separated into two types
of problems when data mining-classification and
regression:

 Classification uses an algorithm to accurately assign test

data into specific categories. It recognizes specific entities
within the dataset and attempts to draw some conclusions on
how those entities should be labeled or defined. Common
classification algorithms are linear classifiers, support
vector machines (SVM), decision trees, k-nearest neighbor,
and random forest, which are described in more detail below.

 Regression is used to understand the relationship between

dependent and independent variables. It is commonly used to
make projections, such as for sales revenue for a given
business. Linear regression, logistical regression, and
polynomial regression are popular regression algorithms.
 The goal of supervised
learning is to build an
artificial system that
can learn the mapping GOAL OF
between the input and SUPERVISED
the output, and can LEARNING
predict the output of
the system given new
inputs.
Supervised learning can be separated into two types of
problems when data mining: classification and regression:

Classification problems use an algorithm to accurately assign

test data into specific categories, such as separating apples
from oranges. Or, in the real world, supervised learning
algorithms can be used to classify spam in a separate folder
from your inbox. Linear classifiers, support vector machines,
decision trees and random forest are all common types of
classification algorithms.

Regression is another type of supervised learning method that

uses an algorithm to understand the relationship between
dependent and independent variables. Regression models are
helpful for predicting numerical values based on different data
points, such as sales revenue projections for a given business.
Some popular regression algorithms are linear regression,
logistic regression and polynomial regression.
Unsupervised vs. supervised vs. semi-supervised learning

Unsupervised machine learning and supervised machine

learning are frequently discussed together. Unlike
supervised learning, unsupervised learning uses unlabeled
data. From that data, it discovers patterns that help solve
for clustering or association problems. This is particularly
useful when subject matter experts are unsure of common
properties within a data set. Common clustering algorithms
are hierarchical, k-means, and Gaussian mixture models.

Semi-supervised learning occurs when only part of the given

input data has been labeled. Unsupervised and semi-
supervised learning can be more appealing alternatives as it
can be time-consuming and costly to rely on domain
expertise to label data appropriately for supervised
learning.
 Various algorithms and
computations
techniques are used in
supervised machine
learning processes.
Below are brief Supervised
explanations of some learning
of the most commonly algorithms
used learning methods,
typically calculated
through use of
programs like R or
Python:
 Neural networks
Neural networks are used to process training data by
mimicking the interconnectivity of the human brain. Each node is
made up of inputs, weights, a bias, and an output. They learn this
mapping function through supervised learning and adjust based
on the loss function through gradient descent. When the cost
function is near zero, accuracy is assured.

 Naive bayes
Naive Bayes is a classification approach that adopts the
principle of class conditional independence from the Bayes
Theorem. It is used in text classification, spam identification,
and recommendation systems. There are three types of Nave
Bayes classifiers: Multinomial, Bernoulli, and Gaussian. These
classifiers are used in text classification, spam identification,
and recommendation systems.
 Linear regression 
Linear regression is used to identify the relationship
between a dependent variable and one or more independent
variables and make predictions about future outcomes. Simple
linear regression is used when there is only one independent
variable and one dependent variable, while multiple linear
regression is used when there are multiple independent
variables. The line of best fit is straight when plotted on a
graph.

 K-nearest neighbor 
K-nearest neighbor is a non-parametric algorithm that
classifies data points based on their proximity and association
to other available data. It seeks to calculate the distance
between data points, usually through Euclidean distance, and
assigns a category based on the most frequent category or
average. It is used for recommendation engines and image
recognition.
 Support vector machines (SVM) 
A support vector machine is a popular supervised learning
model developed by Vladimir Vapnik, used for data classification
and regression. It creates a hyperplane where the distance
between two classes of data points is at its maximum, known as
the decision boundary.

 Logistic regression 
Logistic regression is used to solve binary classification
problems, such as spam identification, when the dependent
variable is categorical, such as "true" and "false" or "yes" and
"no".

 Random forest 
Random forest is another flexible supervised machine
learning algorithm used for both classification and regression
purposes. The "forest" references a collection of uncorrelated
decision trees, which are then merged together to reduce
variance and create more accurate data predictions.
 Supervised learning models
can be used to build and
advance a number of
business applications,
including the following:

Image- and object-

recognition
Supervised learning Supervised
algorithms can be used to learning examples
locate, isolate, and
categorize objects out of
videos or images, making
them useful when applied to
various computer vision
techniques and imagery
analysis.
More example of Supervised learning

 Predictive analytics 
Supervised learning models are used to create predictive
analytics systems to provide deep insights into business data
points, helping business leaders justify decisions and pivot.

 Customer sentiment analysis 

Organizations can use supervised machine learning
algorithms to extract and classify important information from
large volumes of data, which can be used to improve brand
engagement.

 Spam detection 
Spam detection is another example of a supervised learning
model. Using supervised classification algorithms, organizations
can train databases to recognize patterns or anomalies in new
data to organize spam and non-spam-related correspondences
effectively.
Challenges of supervised learning

Although supervised learning can offer businesses advantages, such

as deep data insights and improved automation, there are some
challenges when building sustainable supervised learning models.
The following are some of these challenges:

 Supervised learning models can require certain levels of

expertise to structure accurately.
 Training supervised learning models can be very time
intensive.
 Datasets can have a higher likelihood of human error,
resulting in algorithms learning incorrectly.
 Unlike unsupervised learning models, supervised learning
cannot cluster or classify data on its own.
References

https://www.ibm.com/topics/supervised-learning#:~:text=the%20next%20step-,What
%20is%20supervised%20learning%3F,data%20or%20predict%20outcomes%20accurat
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https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/supervised-vs-unsupervised-learning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning#:~:text=The%20term%20machine%2
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https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_451#:~:te
xt=The%20goal%20of%20supervised%20learning,the%20system%20given%20new%2
0inputs
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