ICTE 242 -DATABASE SYSTEMS

Delali Kwasi Dake

2021

Lesson 1: Database Systems

 Today’s Lesson
 Purpose of Database Systems
 DBMS
 Advantages of DBMS
 Level of Abstraction
 Data Models
 DDL & DML
 History of Database Systems
What is a Database?
 We will be broad in our interpretation
 A Database:

 A very large, integrated collection of data.

 Typically models a real-world “enterprise”

 Entities (e.g., teams, games)

 Relationships (e.g. The A’s are playing in the
World Series)
What is DBMS?
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is:
 A software system designed to store,
manage, and facilitate access to databases.
 Example of Well Known DBMS

 Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle,

SAP, dBASE, FoxPro, IBM dB2, SQLite
 Database Applications
 Banking: all transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Advantages of a DBMS

 Improved Data Security

 A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data
privacy and security policies
 Better Data Integration
 It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the
company affects the other segments
 Minimized Data Inconsistency
 Data inconsistency occurs when different versions of the same data
appear in different places. Eg. Sales Department storing sales
personnel name as G. Foster and the Logistics Department stores it
as M.G Foster.
Advantages of a DBMS
 Improved Data Access
 DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc
queries
 Improved Decision Making
 Improved data access make it possible to generate better-quality
information, on which better decisions are made.
 Data Independence
 Ability to modify a schema definition at one level without affecting
a schema definition at another level. Two types, logical and physical
data independence.
Data Abstraction
Process of hiding irrelevant details Users
from users – Data Abstraction

 Views describe how users see the

data. Views can hide information
from users. Eg. Salary
View 1 View 2 View 3

 Conceptual schema defines logical

structure. Data Model – What data is
Conceptual Schema
stored in the database & the
relationships among the data. Eg. Physical Schema
Fields & Attributes

 Physical schema describes the files DB

and indexes used. How data is
stored . Eg. gigabytes
View of Data - Architecture
 Data Model

 Data Model can be defined as an integrated collection of

concepts for describing and manipulating data, relationships
between data, and constraints on the data in an organization.
 The model explains, in terms of services available to an
interfacing application, how to access a data element when
other related elements are known.
Purpose of Data Model
 To represent data
 To make the data understandable
Types of Data Model

 Object Based Data Models

 Physical Data Models
 Record Based Logical Data Models
Object Based Data Models

 Object Based Data Models

 Uses concept such as entities, attributes and
relationships
 Types of OBDM
 Entity-Relationship Data Model
 Object Oriented Data Model
 Semantic Data Model
 Functional Data Model
Physical Data Models

 Physical Data Model

 PDM describes how data is stored in the computer,
representing information such as record structures,
record ordering and access path.
 Types of PDM
 Frame Memory Model
 Unifying Model
Record Based Logical Data Models

 Record Based Logical Data Models

 RBLDM are used in describing data at logical and
view levels. They are used to specify the overall
logical structure of the database and to provide a
higher-level description of the implementation.
 Types of RBLDM
 Hierarchical Model
 Network Model
 Relational Model (Is common among the three in recent
years)
Most Used Data Model
 Entity-Relationship Data Model
 Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships
 Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is distinguishable
from other objects
 Described by a set of attributes
 Relationship: an association among several entities

 Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram:

Most Used Data Model
 Relational Model
 Mostly for data storage and processing
representation. Data represented as relations or
tables.
Data Manipulation Language
(DML)
 Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
appropriate data model
 DML also known as query language

Examples
 SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
 INSERT - insert data into a table
 UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
 DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
 MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
 LOCK TABLE - control concurrency
Data Definition Language
 Specification notation for defining the database schema

Examples
 CREATE - to create objects in the database
 ALTER - alters the structure of the database
 DROP - delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed
 COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME - rename an object
History of Database Systems
 1950s and early 1960s:
 Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
 Tapes provide only sequential access
 Punched cards for input
 Late 1960s and 1970s:
 Hard disks allow direct access to data
 Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use
 Ted Codd defines the relational data model
 Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work
 IBM Research begins System R prototype
 UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype

 High-performance (for the era) transaction processing

 History
 1980s:
 Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems
 SQL becomes industry standard
 Parallel and distributed database systems
 Object-oriented database systems
 1990s:
 Large decision support and data-mining applications
 Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
 Emergence of Web commerce
 2000s:
 XML and XQuery standards
 Automated database administration
 Increasing use of highly parallel database systems
 Web-scale distributed data storage systems