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PCS - Unit I - ASV

This document provides an overview of a course on principles of communication systems. It outlines the teaching and examination scheme, course objectives, and expected outcomes. The objectives are to equip students with tools for time-frequency analysis of signals, fundamentals of modulation, sampling theory, digital representation techniques, and issues in baseband digital transmission. Key topics covered include signals, spectra, analog and digital messages, regenerative repeaters, signal bandwidth and power, and an introduction to communication systems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
87 views112 pages

PCS - Unit I - ASV

This document provides an overview of a course on principles of communication systems. It outlines the teaching and examination scheme, course objectives, and expected outcomes. The objectives are to equip students with tools for time-frequency analysis of signals, fundamentals of modulation, sampling theory, digital representation techniques, and issues in baseband digital transmission. Key topics covered include signals, spectra, analog and digital messages, regenerative repeaters, signal bandwidth and power, and an introduction to communication systems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
UNIT I
SIGNALS & SPECTRA

-ANUP VIBHUTE
Teaching and Examination scheme for
Principles of communication systems

Teaching
Examination scheme Credits
scheme
Course Course
Theory
code name Practical Practical
Practical
Theory Total Theory s
s In- End s
sem Sem

Principles of
204193 Communication 03 30 70 100 03
Systems (PoCS)
Principles of
01
204196 Communication 02 50 50
Systems (PoCS)
Course Objectives
To equip/ familiarize students with basic mathematical tools for time

and frequency domain analysis of communication signal and systems.

To acquaint the students with the fundamental principles of modulation


process and different amplitude and angle modulation systems.

To introduce the students with the concept of Sampling theorem and


pulse modulation techniques PAM, PWM, PPM.

To impart pre-requisites of digital communication systems and explore


digital representation techniques like PCM, DPCM, DM and ADM.

To highlight the issues in baseband digital transmission such as data


representation, synchronization, multiplexing and ISI.


Course Outcomes
Course Outcomes: On completion of the course, learner will be able to -
CO1: To compute & compare the bandwidth and transmission power requirements
by analyzing time and frequency domain spectra of signal required for
modulation schemes under study.
CO2: Describe and analyze the techniques of generation, transmission and
reception of Amplitude Modulation Systems.
CO3: Explain generation and detection of FM systems and compare with AM
systems.
CO4: Exhibit the importance of Sampling Theorem and correlate with Pulse
Modulation technique (PAM, PWM, and PPM).
CO5: Characterize the quantization process and elaborate digital representation
techniques (PCM, DPCM, DM and ADM).
CO6: Illustrate waveform coding, multiplexing and synchronization techniques
and articulate their importance in baseband digital transmission.
Outline
 Introduction to Communication System
 Analog and Digital messages
 Regenerative repeaters
 Signal Bandwidth & Power
 Size & classification of signal
 Exponential Fourier series
 Concept of negative frequencies
 Fourier transform and properties
 Frequency shifting
Outline
 Concept of baseband and bandpass signals,
 Signal transmission through LTI system.
 Signal energy & Energy Spectral density.
 Signal power & Power Spectral Density,
 Input and output PSD
 PSD of modulated signal
Introduction to Communication System
Analog messages:
 Analog messages, are characterized by data whose values
vary over a continuous range and are defined for a continuous
range of time. For example,
 The temperature or the atmospheric pressure of a certain location
over time can vary over a continuous range and can assume an
(uncountable) infinite number of possible values.
 A piece of music recorded by a pianist is also an analog signal.
 Similarly, a particular speech waveform has amplitudes that vary
over a continuous range.
Digital messages
 Digital messages are ordered combinations of finite symbols
or codewords. For example,
 printed English consists of 26 letters, 1 0 numbers, a space,
and several punctuation marks.
 Thus, a text document written in English is a digital message
constructed from the ASCII keyboard of 1 28 symbols.
 Human speech is also a digital message, because it is made up
from a finite vocabulary in a language.
 Music notes are also digital, even though the music sound
itself is analog.
Digital messages
 Similarly, a Morse-coded telegraph message is a digital message
constructed from a set of only two symbols-dash and dot. It is
therefore a binary message, implying only two symbols.
 A digital message constructed with M symbols is called an M -ary
message.
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Advantages of Digital Signal over Analog Signal:
1. Noise immunity of digital signal is more
2. Digital signals are viable to use regenerative repeaters and networks
nodes
3. Digital signals are easy to encrypt
4. Digital signals are better suited for processing and multiplexing
5. Storage is easy
  Disadvantages:
1. Complexity is more
2. Bandwidth requirement is more for transmission
3. Synchronization of signals is required
Regenerative repeaters
Block diagram of regenerative repeaters

15

Decision
Amplitude
making
Equaliser
Device Regenerated
Distorted PCM wave
PCM wave Timing
Circuit
Signals:
 Signal is referred to
transmission of information in
electrical or electromagnetic
form.
 A signal is the form in which
data is transmitted. Its describes
the behavior of data

 Time Domain: A description


of a signal with respect to time
is called a time-domain
representation of the signal.
Signals:
 Frequency Domain: A description of a signal with respect to
its frequency is known as a frequency-domain representation.
 Analog spectrum analysis is the analysis of an analog signal in
its frequency domain representation.
SIGNALS
Mathematical representation of a signal
 Signal can be Mathematically represented by a
dependent variable and independent variable
x(t) = t2 + 1
 Also a signal could be represented by sinusoidal
wave
x(t) = Asin(2πft + θ )
 Parameters of the signal are: amplitude, phase and
frequency
Spectrum and Bandwidth
 The spectrum of an electromagnetic signal is the range of
frequencies contained in it and their respective amplitudes
plotted in the frequency domain.
 The absolute bandwidth of a signal is the width of the
frequency spectrum or the difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies contained in
Signal Bandwidth & Power
 A deterministic signal can be expressed in terms of the sinusoidal
components. Then the occupied bandwidth will simply be the
frequency range between the lowest and the highest sine wave
signal.
 For example, the bandwidth of 300 Hz to 3400 Hz is adequate for
a telephone voice conversation, 15 Hz to 20 kHz for music and 5
MHz bandwidth for a typical video signal.
 The power of a signal is the sum of the absolute squares of its
time-domain samples divided by the signal length, or,
equivalently, the square of its RMS level.
BANDWIDTH

 Bandwidth is the difference between upper and lower


frequency limits of the signal
 It is defined as the range of frequencies that the signal
occupies.
 Bandwidth can be defined as the portion of the
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum occupied by the signal.
 It may also be defined as the frequency range over which a
signal is transmitted.
 It is one way of describing the maximum amount of
information that the channel can carry.
 Frequency range of the signal is known as bandwidth
BANDWIDTH OF A SIGNAL

 Bandwidth of analog and digital signals is calculated in


separate ways.
 In analog technology, the bandwidth is the difference between
the lowest and highest frequencies that can pass through the
channel. Analog signal bandwidth is measured in terms of its
frequency (Hz).
 Digital signal bandwidth is measured in terms of bit rate (bits
per second, bps). 
BANDWIDTH OF A CHANNEL

 A channel is the medium through which the input signal


passes.
 In terms of analog signal, bandwidth of the channel is the
range of frequencies that the channel can carry.
 In terms of digital signal, bandwidth of the channel is the
maximum bit rate supported by the channel. i.e. number of
bits per second that the channel can carry.
 The channel bandwidth defines the range of frequencies that it
can handle for the transmission of baseband or passband
signals with acceptable quality.
 Most of the electromagnetic energy of an analog signal is
contained in a relatively narrow band of frequencies, referred
to as effective bandwidth or simply bandwidth.
Signal Power:
 The power of a signal is the sum of the absolute squares of
its time-domain samples divided by the signal length, or,
equivalently, the square of its RMS level.
 The signal power Ps plays a dual role in information
transmission such as Increasing Ps strengthens the signal
pulse and diminishes the effect of channel noise and
interference.
 To maintain a given rate and accuracy of information
transmission, we can trade Ps for B, and vice versa
Size of Signal
 Signals - A signal, as the term implies, is a set of information
or data.
 Systems- Signals may be processed further by systems, which
may modify them or extract additional information from
them.
 A system is an entity that processes a set of signals (inputs) to
yield another set of signals (outputs).
 A system may be made up of physical components, as in
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic systems (hardware
realization), or it may be an algorithm that computes an output
from an input signal (software realization).
Size of Signal
 Signal Energy
 The size of any entity is a quantity that indicates its strength.
 To set a standard quantity that measures signal strength, we
normally view a signal g (t) as a voltage across a one-ohm
resistor.
 Signal energy Eg of the signal g (t) as the energy that the
voltage g (t) dissipates on the resistor.
 We define Eg
Size of Signal
 Signal Power
 To be a meaningful measure of signal size, the signal energy
must be finite.
 If the amplitude of g (t) does not go to zero as (t) approaches
infinity, the signal energy is infinite.
Size of Signal
 Signal Power
 A more meaningful measure of the signal size in such a case
would be the time average of the energy (if it exists), which is
the average power Pg defined (for a real signal) by

 The signal power Pg is the time average (mean) of the signal


amplitude square, that is, the mean square value of g (t) .
 The standard units of signal energy and power are the joule
and the watt.
Classification of Signals

• A signal, x(t), is defined to be a function of time (t ∈ R).


• Signals in engineering systems are typically described with
five different mathematical classifications:
1. Deterministic or random
2. Energy or power
3. Periodic or aperiodic
4. Complex or real
5. Continuous time or discrete time
6. Analog and Digital Signal
Classification of Signal
 Continuous time and
discrete time signals
 A signal that is specified for
every value of time t is a
continuous time signal, and
 a signal that is specified only
at discrete points of t = nT is
a discrete time signal.
Classification of Signal
 Analog and Digital signal
 A signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range
is an analog signal.
 A digital signal, on the other hand, is one whose amplitude can take
on only a finite number of values.
Classification of Signal
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signal
 A signal g (t) is said to be periodic if there exists a positive
constant To such that

 The smallest value of To that satisfies the periodicity condition


of Eq. is the period of g(t) .
Classification of Signal
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signal
 By definition, a periodic signal g (t) remains unchanged when
time-shifted by one period.
 A periodic signal, by definition, must start from -∞ and,
continue forever
 A signal is aperiodic if it is not periodic.
Classification of Signal
 Energy and Power Signal
 A signal with finite energy is an energy signal, and a
signal with finite power is a power signal.
Classification of Signal
 Energy and Power Signal
 Observe that power is time average of the energy.
 Since the averaging is over an infinitely large interval, a signal
with finite energy has zero power, and a signal with finite power
has infinite energy.
 Therefore, a signal cannot be both an energy and a power signal.
 Every signal observed in real life is an energy signal. A power
signal, on the other hand, must have an infinite duration.
Classification of Signal
 Deterministic and Random Signal
 A signal whose physical description is known completely, either
in a mathematical form or a graphical form is a deterministic
signal.
 For example, s(t) = A sin (2πft) is a deterministic signal as the
amplitude of the signal varies sinusoidally with time and its
maximum amplitude is A.
 The nature and amplitude of a deterministic signal can be
predicted at any time.
Classification of Signal
 Deterministic and Random Signal
 A signal that is known only in terms of probabilistic description,
such as mean value, mean square value, and distributions, rather
than its full mathematical or graphical description is a random
signal
 Random signals are also called as Stochastic signals, are
nondeterministic signals which have some degree of uncertainty
before it actually occurs.
 Most of the noise signals encountered in practice are random
signals
Classification of Signal
 Complex and Real Signal
 Real signals have only real components whereas complex
signals have both real and imaginary components.
 information. Complex signals can be mathematically represented
by s(t) = Ae j2π ft where A gives magnitude information and 2 π f t
gives the phase
Fourier Series:
 A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function in
terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines. 
 Signals that are periodic function of time with finite energy
within each time period T can be represented by an infinite
series called the Fourier Series.
 Fourier series provides a frequency-domain model for periodic
signals.
 It is useful to analyze the frequency components of periodic signals.
 It is useful to determine the steady-state response of systems for
periodic input signals, rather than transient analysis.
 Fourier series may be used to represent either functions of time or
functions of space co-ordinates.
Fourier Series:
 If x(t) is periodic with period T , then x(t) can be represented
as

 This is known as the complex exponential Fourier series.


 A periodic signal, x(t), with period T can be decomposed into a weighted
sum of complex sinusoids with frequencies that are an integer multiple of
the fundamental frequency ( fT = 1/T ).
Exponential Fourier series

gp(t) = ∑ Cn e+ j2nfot
n=–
t + To
1 – j2nfot
where, Cn = 
 gp(t) e dt
To
t
Exponential Fourier series

gp(t) = ∑ Cn ej2nfot
n=–
t + To
1 – j2nfot
where Cn = 
 gp(t) e dt
To
t
To/2
1 – j2nfot
 Cn = 
 gp(t) e dt
To
– To/2
T/2
1
= 
 A e– j2nfot dt
To
– T/2

1 e– j2nfot
T/2

=  
To  – j2nfo – T/2

A e– j2nfo  T/2 e– j2nfo  (– T/2)


=  – 
To  (– j2nfo) (– j2nfo) 
A ejnfoT – e– jnfoT
=  
To  j2nfo 
Exponential Fourier series

A sin (nfoT) j2nf t
gp(t) = ∑ e o
n=–
(n)

A = 10, T = 2, To = 10
Properties of Fourier Series
 Property 1 If x(t) is real, then xn = .
This property is known as Hermitian symmetry.

 Property 2- If x(t) is real and an even function of time, i.e.,


x(t) = x(−t), then all the coefficients of the Fourier series are
real numbers.
 Property 3 If x(t) is real and odd, i.e., x(t) = −x(−t), then all
the coefficients of the Fourier series are imaginary numbers.
Trignometric Fourier Series:
 The expansion of a signal x(t) using the complete set of
orthonormal functions

 is referred to as the trigonometric Fourier series expansion of


x(t).
Trignometric Fourier Series:
 Let s(t) be a periodic function of period T0, and s(t) = s(t + T0) for all
values of t. A periodic function s(t) can be expressed in the trigonometric
form of the Fourier series, which can then be represented as
Negative Frequency
 How to interpret a negative frequency Jo ?
 We can use a trigonometric identity to express a sinusoid of a
negative frequency -fo by borrowing wo = 2nfo, as

 This clearly shows that the angular frequency of a sinusoid


cos (-wot + θ) is , which is a positive quantity.
 The concept of negative frequency is meaningful only when
we are considering complex sinusoids for which the rate and
the direction of variation are meaningful
Negative Frequency
 It describe the direction of rotation of a unit length exponential
sinusoid and its rate of revolution.
Concept of Negative Frequency
 For an additional perspective on negative versus positive
frequencies, recall that frequency (ω) is also the rate of
change of phase (ϕ) with respect to time (t), expressed in
calculus by the expression ω = dϕ/dt. (This makes sense
because the units of frequency are expressed in cycles,
degrees, or radians per second).
 Hence a positive frequency (+ω) means that phase is
increasing with time, while a negative frequency (−ω) implies
that phase is decreasing with time.
Fourier Transform
 Fourier series expansion gives rise to the Fourier transform.
 This Fourier transform is a linear operator that maps a signal
x(t) satisfying certain conditions, into another function with the
continuous variable ‘w’ or ‘f’ as the independent variable
 This frequency function gives an indication of the spectral
content of the aperiodic signal x(t) and gives a continuous
spectrum.
 This transform is invertible and the inverse Fourier
transform provides a representation of the signal x(t) as a
combination (integral) of weighted complex exponentials
of all frequencies
Fourier Transform and properties
 If x(t) is an energy signal, then the Fourier transform is
defined as

 X(f ) is in general complex and gives the frequency domain


representation of x(t). The inverse Fourier transform is

 The Fourier transform is an extremely useful mathematical


tool and is extensively used in the analysis of LTI systems,
cryptography, signal processing, etc.
Fourier Transform and properties
 The Fourier transform of a periodic function consists of a
series of equally spaced impulses.
 The plot of amplitudes at different frequency components
(harmonics) for a periodic signal s(t) is known as discrete
frequency spectrum.
 As the repetition period approaches infinity, the periodic
signal s(t) will become nonperiodic.
 Therefore, the discrete spectrum will become a continuous
spectrum.
Fourier Transform and properties
 There is a unique relationship between the signal x(t) and its
Fourier transform, or spectrum X(f). For a given x(t) there is
one and only one X(f) and for a given X(f), there is one and
only one x(t).
 Properties:
 X(0) is equal to the area under x(t). This is because
Fourier Transform and properties
 The Fourier transform X(f) is, in general, a complex-valued
function of frequency, even if the signal x(t), is a real-valued
one.
 If x(t) is real valued, then its Fourier transform X(f), has
Hermitian symmetry. That is

 This says that if x(t) is real valued, the magnitude of X(f) will
have even symmetry while the phase of X(f) will have odd
symmetry.
Fourier Transform and properties
 If the signal x(t) has even symmetry, then its Fourier
transform X(f) is given by

 If the signal x(t) has odd symmetry, then its Fourier transform
X(f) is given by
Fourier Transform and properties
 Time frequency Duality
 The time shifting property, to be proved later, states that if g(t)
> G(f) , then

 Dual of this property States


Fourier Transform and properties
 Duality Property
 The duality property states that

 Then
Fourier Transform and properties
 Time Scaling Property
 If

 Then for any real constant a


Fourier Transform and properties
 Time shifting Property
 If

 Then
Frequency Shifting property
 If

 Then
 This property is also called the modulation property.

 This property states that multiplication of a signal by a factor


ej2πf0tshifts the spectrum of that signal by f = fo.
Frequency Shifting property
 Changing fo to -fo yields

 Because ej2πf0t is not a real function that can be generated,


frequency shifting in practice is achieved by multiplying g (t)
by a sinusoid.
Frequency Shifting property

 This shows that the multiplication of a signal g (t) by a


sinusoid of frequency fo shifts the spectrum G(f) by ±fo.
 Multiplication of a sinusoid cos 2πfot by g (t) amounts to
modulating the sinusoid amplitude.
 This type of modulation is known as amplitude modulation.
 The sinusoid cos 2nfot is called the carrier, the signal g (t) is
the modulating signal, and the signal g (t) cos 2 π fot is the
modulated signal.
Concept of Baseband and bandpass signals

 Communication systems can be classified into two groups


depending on the range of frequencies they use to transmit
information.
 These communication systems are classified into
BASEBAND or PASSBAND system.
 Baseband transmission sends the information signal as it is
without modulation (without frequency shifting)
 Passband transmission shifts the signal to be transmitted in
frequency to a higher frequency and then transmits it, where
at the receiver the signal is shifted back to its original
frequency
Concept of Baseband and bandpass signals

 Baseband signal, also known as lowpass signal, is a signal in a


near-zero frequency range generated from the information
source.
 It is related to digital signal transmission in which the whole 
bandwidth carries only one data signal at a time.
 Baseband signal is normally a message signal and only one
communication channel is available at any time.
Concept of Baseband and bandpass signals

 Passband signal refers to filtered signal or modulated signal in


which the frequency or phase of the carrier signal is modulated
to transmit the bits.
 It is based on the concept of digital data transmission post
modulation of high frequency sinusoidal carrier.
 In simple words, if a modulated signal is transmitted over the
channel, it is called Passband transmission.
 The passband signal has its frequency spectrum concentrated
around the carrier frequency.
 Passband signals are normally used at high frequencies and for
longer distance transmissions.
Transmission of a signal through LTI system:
77

 A linear system is defined as a system whose response to sum


of number of weighted input is same as the sum of the
weighted response
 A time-variant system whose input-output relationship varies
with time
 A time-invariant system is also called as fixed system, is the
system in which input-output relationship does not vary with
time.
 A linear time-invariant (LTI) system is one which satisfies
both linearity and Time-Invariant Conditions
Transmission of a signal through LTI system:
78

 A linear time-invariant (LTI) continuous time system can be


characterized equally well in either the time domain or the
frequency domain.
 The LTI system model can often be used to characterize
communication channels
Transmission of a signal through LTI system:
79

 A stable LTI system can be characterized in the time domain


by its impulse response h(t), which is the system response to a
unit impulse input, that is,

 The system response to a bounded input signal x(t) follows


the convolutional relationship

 The frequency domain relationship between the input and the


output is obtained by taking Fourier transform of both sides
Transmission of a signal through LTI system:
80

 Generally H (f), the Fourier transform of the impulse response


h (t), is referred to as the transfer function or the frequency
response of the LTI system.

 Again, in general, H (f) is complex and can be written as

 where IH (f) I is the amplitude response and θh (j) is the phase


response of the LTI system.
Transmission of a signal through LTI system:

81

X(t) Y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
I Impulse
Response h(t)
Signal energy & Energy Spectral density
Energy Spectral Density (ESD)

 There is a close resemblance between convolution and


correlation operations.
 consider two signals, x(t) and y(t).

 Then, replacing the dummy variable Ƭ by u, we have


Energy Spectral Density (ESD)

 In the cross-correlation, if t is replaced by u

 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)


 Consider two energy signals x(t) and y(t). Let z(t) = x(t) * y(t)
and let their cross-correlation for a lag Ƭ be Rxy(Ƭ). Then,
Energy Spectral Density (ESD)

 If Rxx(Ƭ) is the auto-correlation function of x(t), then

 But, from Parseval’s theorem for Fourier transform, we know


that |X(f)|2 represents the energy density of x(t) with respect to
frequency and is called the ‘ Energy Spectral Density’ (ESD).
 It shows how the energy of x(t) is distributed with respect to
frequency, and is denoted by Sxx(f).

2
𝜑 ( 𝑓 ) =| 𝑋 ( 𝑓 )|
Derivation of ESD
 ESD gives distribution of energy of the signal in
frequency domain.
ESD of the Input and the Output

 If x(t) and y(t) are the input and the corresponding output of a
linear time-invariant (LTI) system, then

 Thus, the output signal ESD is lH (f)l 2 times the input signal
ESD.
Properties of ESD:
Determine Autocorrelation function and energy
spectral density of
Autocorrelation function
To obtain energy spectral density:
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 we have considered energy signals which have a finite amount


of energy over ∞ < t < ∞, and we have shown that the Fourier
transform of the auto-correlation of such signals gives the
energy spectral density.
 For a power signal, a meaningful measure of its size is its
power as the time average of the signal energy averaged over
the infinite time interval. The power Pg of a real-valued signal
g (t) is given by
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 The signal power and the related concepts can be readily


understood by defining a truncated signal gT (t) as

 The integral on the right-hand side of yields EgT , which is the


energy of the truncated signal gT (t) . Thus,

 This equation describes the relationship between power and


energy of nonperiodic signals.
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 Because the signal power is just the time average of energy,


all the concepts and results of signal energy also apply to
signal power if we modify the concepts properly by taking
their time averages.
 Power Spectral Density (PSD)
 If the signal g (t) is a power signal, then its power is finite,
and the truncated signal gT (t) is an energy signal as long as T
is finite. If gT(t) GT(f), then from Parseval's theorem,
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 Hence, Pg , the power of g (t), is given by

 As T increases, the duration of gy (t) increases, and its energy


EgT also increases proportionately.
 However, lGr (f)l2 must approach oo at the same rate as T
because for a power signal, the right-hand side of above Eq.
must converge.
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 We define the power spectral density (PSD) Sg (w) as

 This result is parallel to the result for energy signals. The


power is the area under the PSD. Observe that the PSD is
the time average of the ESD of EgT (t)
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 Input and Output Power Spectral Densities


 Because the PSD is a time average of ESDs, the relationship
between the input and output signal PSDs of a linear time-
invariant (LTI) system is similar to that of ESDs.
 Following the argument used for ESD, we can readily show
that if g (t) and y(t) are the input and output signals of an LTI
system with transfer function H (f), then
Signal power & Power Spectral Density

 PSD of Modulated Signals-


 We can show that for a power signal g (t) , if

 Then, the PSD S (f) of the modulated signal (t) is given by

 Thus, modulation shifts the PSD of g (t) by ±fo. The power of


(t) is half the power of g (t), that is,
Properties of PSD:
Need of Modulation
 Modulation is defined as the process of changing one or more
characteristics of the high-frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous value of the analog
information (or digital data) signal.
 The low-frequency information signal is superimposed over a
high-frequency carrier signal in the process of modulation.
 Modulation translates a low-frequency signal to the pass band
of communication channel.
 When the carrier signal is analog in nature such as sinusoidal
signal, the process of modulation is known as analog
modulation. It is also called continuous wave (CW)
modulation.
Need of Modulation
 The process of modifying baseband frequencies so that signals
may be transmitted or ‘communicated’ is called modulation
(at transmitter end) and demodulation (at receiver end).
 Demodulation is the reverse process at the receivers,
removing a high-frequency carrier signal and detecting a low-
frequency information signal.
 Modulation is performed on the high-frequency (usually much
greater than baseband frequency) analog carrier signal.
 The carrier signal is an essentially high-frequency analog
signal so that the wireless transmission is possible using
suitable size and type of antennas for wireless
communications.
Need of Modulation
 Transmission of a signal in wireless medium is via
electromagnetic waves which are analog in nature.
 Therefore, the information signal has to be translated to
another form of analog signal suitable for wireless
transmission.
 Modulation is needed for transmission of analog information
as well as digital data through wireless medium.
Need of Modulation
 Practical Length of Antennas: The first main reason is that it
is virtually impossible to transmit baseband signals through
wireless medium because the size of the required antennas
would be impractically large.
 For efficient radiation, the size of the antenna should be
preferably around λ/4, where λ is the wavelength of the signal
to be radiated. And λ=c/f where c is speed of light and f is
frequency of signal.
 The process of modulation allows the practical length of
antennas to be used for wireless signal transmission.
 Modulation makes the designing and processing of signal in
transmitter and receiver devices much more convenient and
simple.
Need of Modulation
 Modulation allows frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
for simultaneous transmission of many baseband signals over
a common channel having much wider bandwidth.
 Modulated signals can minimize the effects of noise and
distortion introduced in the communications channel.
Need of Modulation:
Types of Modulation
Modulatio
n

Analog Pulse Digital

AM PAM ASK

FM PWM FSK

Phase PPM PSK

PCM
Types of Modulation
Types of Modulation
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