Lecture 4- EGM 231

DC Circuit Theory

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 I

V Load

A complete connection of a source and a load

Source : voltage source, current source such as battery

Load : resistor, capacitor, inductor

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 Circuit 3
I

Circuit 1 Circuit 2
V

A network is a combination of several circuits

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 I
V  IRt
V1  IR1

V1
R1

V
V2  IR2
R2

V2

V  V1  V2
IRt  IR1  IR2

4
Therefore: Rt  R1  R2 29/09/2022
 VOLTAGE DROPS IN SERIES
CIRCUIT
I
V  IRt V1  IR1

V1
R1
V2  IR2 V3  IR3
V R2

V2
V  V1  V2  V3
R3
V3 IRt  IR1  IR2  IR3
Therefore, Rt  R1  R2  R3
In general for n series of resistor, Rt

5
Rt  R1  R2  R3  .........  Rn 29/09/2022
 Example 1

A Technician decides to connect two lamps of 60W@220V in

series in order to get more light . However he found the lamps
give out very litter light. Why? Can you explain this.

To get full light , we must connect a single lamp to 220V

source , thus we have
V2 P 60
P  VI  I   0.27 A
R V 220

V 2 2202
R   807 
P 60
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 Example 1 continued

When connect two lamps in series , then

Rt  R1  R2  807  807  1614 

V 220
I    0 . 136 A
Rt 1614

Since the current is less, then the lamp cannot give light
fully.
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 Example 2

I=1.5A
Calculate the voltage across
each of the resistors in figure R 1 =2  V1
and hence calculate the
supply voltage V V R 2 =3  V2

R 3 =8  V3

V1  IR1  1.5  2  3.0 V

V2  IR2  1.5  3  4.5 V
V3  IR3  1.5  8  12.0 V
8 V  V1  V2  V3  3.0  4.5  12.0  19.5 V 29/09/2022
 Example 3
I

R 1 =40  V
1
Calculate the circuit’s current,I
V=100V R 2 =50  V 2

R 3 =70  V
3

R  R1  R2  R3  40  50  70  160 

V 100
I   0.625 A
R 160
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 I

R  R1  R2

V1
R1

V
V
R2 I

V2
R1  R2

V V1 R1
V1  IR1  R1 
R1  R2 V R1  R2

V V2 R2
V2  IR2  R2 
R1  R2 V R1  R2
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 Example 4
I
Given that R2=100W, calculate
R1 in order to obtain an output

V1
R1
voltage 10V across R2
V=30V

R2

10V
V2 R2 10 100
 
V R1  R2 30 R1  100

R1  100  3 100  300

R1  200 
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 I
V  I1R1  I 2 R2
I1 I2

V R1 R2 V V
I1  I2 
R1 R2
I  I1  I 2

V V I 1 1
I   
R1 R2 V R1 R2

I 1 1 1 1
but  then  
V R R R1 R2
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 PARALLEL CIRCUITS
I

I 1
I2 I3

V R R R
1 2 3

V V V I 1 1 1
I     
R1 R2 R3 V R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
then   
R R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1 1
In general     .......
13 R R1 R2 R3 Rn 29/09/2022
 I
1 1 1
I1 I2  
R R1 R2
V R1 R2
R1 R 2
R
R1  R 2
R1 R2
V  IR  I
R1  R2
But V  I1R1  I 2 R2

R2 R1
I1  I and I2  I
Therefore R1  R2 R1  R2
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 Example 5
I

Calculate I1, I2 and I3 I1 I2

R1 R2
V=110V 22 
V 110 44 
I1    5.0 A
R1 22
V 110
I2    2.5 A
R2 44

I  I1  I 2  5.0  2.5  7.5 A

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 Example 6
I
Calculate the effective
I1 I2 I3
resistance and the power
supply V=12V R1 R2 R3
2.2
6.8 4.7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     
R R1 R2 R3 6.8 4.7 2.2

 0.147  0.213  0.455  0.815

1 V 12
R  1.23  Hence I   9.76 A
0.815 R 1.23
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 Example 7
I=8A
Calculate the current in the 2 W
resistor, given that I1 I2

(a) R1 =2 W V R1 R2
2
(b) R1 =4 W
R1 2
I2  I  8  4.0 A
R1  R2 22
I1 = I - I2 = 8 - 4 = 4A I1 and I2 are equal
R1 4
I2  I  8  5.3 A I1  I  I 2  8  5.3  2.7 A
R1  R2 42
17 I1 and I2 are not equal 29/09/2022
 Current Law- At any instant
the algebraic sum of the
currents at a junction in a I1 I2
network is zero
N

Ii
i 0 I4
I3

I1  I 2  I 3  I 4  0

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 Example 8

Determine the relationship R1 a R2

between the currents I1 ,I2, I4 I1 I4

I3
and I5.
At junction a I1  I 4  I 3  0 R3

Hence I 3  I1  I 4 I2 b I5

At junction b I 3  I 5  I 2  0
Therefore I3  I 2  I5

Then I1  I 4  I 2  I 5 or I1  I 2  I 4  I 5  0
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 Example 9

Given that I1=2.5A and I2=-1.5A.

Calculate the current I3. R2
I1 I3

R1 R3 R4
From Kirchoff’s law
R5
I1  I 2  I 3  0 I2

I 3   I1  I 2  2.5  1.5  1.0 A

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 Example 10
a
Determine the current I 1 =3A I2

I3
I2, I4 and I5. Given I3, as
1A
At junction a c
I5
I1  I 2  I 3  0
I 2  I1  I 3  3  1  2 A

I4
I 6 =1A b
At junction b At junction c
I2  I4  I6  0 I3  I 4  I5  0

I 4  I 6  I 2  1  2  1A I5  I3  I 4  1  1  2 A
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 Example 11

Determine the current I1 and I2. I1

R 1 =30 
Use current divider concept a

R2
I3  I1 R2 60  R 3 =30 
R2  R3
I2 I 3 =1A
R2  R3 60  30
I1  I3   1  1.5 A
R2 60
At junction a

I 2  I 3  I1  0

I 2  I1  I 3  1.5  1  0.5 A 29/09/2022

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 Total potential difference across
connected components in a
complete circuit is zero. The V1

sign of potential difference (p.d) E

of the source (or e.m.f) is V2

always in opposite sign of the
passive components of the
V3
circuit
E  V1  V 2  V 3
V1  V 2  V 3  E  0
or
n
thus V i 0
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 E1

V
E2

E3

V  E1  E 2  E 3
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 Example 12

Determine the Voltage Loop C

V1 and V3.
V1 V3
V 2 =8V
E=12V
Loop A Loop A Loop B
V 4 =2V

E  V1  V2
V1  E  V2  12  8  4V
To check the result
Loop B Loop C
0  V2  V3  V4 E  V1  V3  V4
V3  V2  V4  8  2  6V
12  4  6  2  12
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 Example 13
Calculate VAB for the network D

shown
Branch A R1 R2

R3 15 25  
VAC  V  20  7.5V V AB
R1  R3 25  15

20V
A B

Branch B  

R3 R4
R4 10
VBC  V  20  4.0V
R2  R4 40  10 C

Applying Kirchoff’s law

0  VAB  VBC  VCA  VAB  VBC  VAC
V
26 AB
 VAC  VBC  7.5  4.0  3.5V 29/09/2022
 Example 14
Calculate V1 and the e.m.f E2
V 3 =8V
Kirchoff’s law to left loop V1

E1  V1  V2 V 2 =6V
E 1 =10V
V1  E1  V2  10  6  4V E2
Kirchoff’s law to right loop
 E2  V2  V3
E2  V2  V3  6  8  14V
To check again for outside loop
E1  E2  V1  V3
10  14  4  8
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 END THANK YOU

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