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Module 4

I do not have enough information in the provided document to answer questions about Filipinos' competitive advantages or whether continual innovation is necessary in managing different races and cultures. The document discusses cultural diversity and cultural differences in a general sense but does not mention Filipinos specifically or address those questions directly.

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Renaliz Gonzales
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Module 4

I do not have enough information in the provided document to answer questions about Filipinos' competitive advantages or whether continual innovation is necessary in managing different races and cultures. The document discusses cultural diversity and cultural differences in a general sense but does not mention Filipinos specifically or address those questions directly.

Uploaded by

Renaliz Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

CUSTOMS AND ECONOMIC


ACTIVITIES
• One component of investigating culture involves processes of globalization and cross-
cultural elements as a global cultural homogenization. This refers to blending different
cultural practices into one blended uniform of cultural practices. Cultural homogenization
usually disregards local cultural perspectives. (Huang & Trauth 2006, 260.) From a
cultural point of view, globalization is the process of increasing homogeneity of
individual lifestyles within the organization. It comprises different views and greater
opportunities for the company and the employees (Sonnenschein 1997, 3). Globalization
combines people into a single world society
• In essence, the modern tourism and hospitality environment is experiencing an increasing
internationalization and globalization. The huge development of the hospitality industry over the
past decade has been extensively influenced by advanced technology, communication systems and
transportation. People travel more around the world, and their countries are integrated into global
markets. This leads their exposure to culturally different societies, social interactions, and cultural
exchanges. The fact is that travelling and tourism is growing into a multicultural environment
which obtains both similarities and differences in worker behavior across cultural borders. Tourism
and hospitality organizations will work in a very complex multicultural tourism environment and
they must understand the perception of culture and the role of national culture, and how impact
both employee as well as tourist behavior. (Reisinger 2009, 85.)
• Culture as a word has many different meanings. Initially, culture originates from Latin
word cultura, which means to cultivate. It refers to human activity and symbolic structure
designs that emphasize the importance and value of the actions. (Reisinger, 2009, 86.)
The purpose of culture is to explain how to live, talk, think and do things. It gives
guidelines for one’s life to behave in a socially accepted way and value diverse things. It
clarifies what is correct, honest, true and important. It also sets up rules and regulations to
society in order to obtain stability and peace (Reisinger 2009, 105). Culture is the main
force that brings people together, creates uniqueness of the cultural group as well as
communicates with one another. Cultures are perceived to embrace group work, sharing
and teamwork. However, culture and society is not the same thing. People perceive that
their society is distinct from other societies in terms of shared traditions and expectations.
Culture is created and submitted to others in a society. (Reisinger 2009, 105.)
• Types of cultures

• There are different types of cultures within the society. Various culture levels and types
are associated with each other. The most broad culture level is universal culture whereas
individual culture represents the most unique category as illustrated in Figure 1.
• Figure 1. Levels of culture (Reisinger 2009, 100). Basically, everybody belongs to the
universal culture category. All nationalities and humans with their diverse beliefs, ideas,
morals and values are part of the universal culture. For example, all people have special
forms of speech for special occasions (Minkov 2011, 19). Followed by the civilization
culture category, civilization is the broadest level of cultural identity that people obtain.
This category involves, for example, ethnicity and religion. National culture is a more
nar- 10 row culture. Generally, culture refers to national culture, which can be called
country culture. National culture can be determined by a country of residence, country of
birth, or citizenship. People’s behavior and perceptions are shaped by several other
cultures, such as ethnicity, family, friends, global environment, occupation, race, religion,
and value systems. (Reisinger 2009, 98.)
• Finally, minor culture components within the society are industry, organizational and
individual culture. Those three levels are more unique. They have the most diversity and
differences due to the stimulus of other categories. Fundamentally, individual culture is
the most shaped by the influence of other levels of cultures, which impact personal
beliefs, thoughts and values. (Reisinger 2009, 99-100.)
CULTURAL DISTANCE

• Cultural distance indicates a gap between different national cultures (Reisinger 2009,
111). Cultural distance can be notified within organization, particularly within hospitality
industry. Hospitality organizations, likewise international and multinational tourism
companies, likely hold several different cultures within the property. There can be diverse
cultures between employees or between employees and customers. Organizations should
decrease the cultural distance, especially between their employees. The cultural distance
affects interactions between employees from two different cultures. The greater the
distance gap is, the more conflicts appear and this lowers the rewards experienced from
working together (Chemers et al. 1995, 15)
• Cultural distance is a vital component of international tourism and multinational
companies. In essence, it measures the extent to which national cultures differentiate and
are related to the compared culture (Crotts 2004, 85). In the hospitality industry diverse
cultures infuse on a daily basis. There are several contrasts between employees or
between a customer and an employee in the hospitality organization. Cultural diversity
management is necessary in order to understand the variability of cultures that initially
appear inside the organization. It is important to recognize cross-cultural behavior if the
company wants to have a competitive edge in the hospitality industry. Cultural variability
involves both recognizing differences and accepting them. Acceptance is a respect of
culture and appreciation of differences in culture, such as values, norms, styles, behavior.
The three layers of culture should be valued and respected in a correct manner. (Rosinski
2003, 35.)
SOURCES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• Cultural difference also comprises systematic differences, for example, in beliefs,


philosophy and values of social regulation. Within an organization there might be a great
deal of systematic differences across cultures. Therefore, Hofstede (2012) has made a
conclusion that Asian cultures are more collectivistic whereas Western cultures tend to be
more individualistic. Managers who understand cross-cultural behavior are an asset for
any company in order to bring the best out of employees and be a coherent, consistent,
and successful organization. (Geert Hofstede 2012.)
• Managers who understand cross-cultural behavior are an asset for any company in order
to bring the best out of employees and be a coherent, consistent, and successful
organization. (Geert Hofstede 2012.)
• Cultural diversity can be referred to as the variety of human groups, societies or cultures in a
specific region, or in the world all together. Cultural diversity indicates a mixture of both
individuals and groups with dissimilar backgrounds, beliefs, characteristics, customs, traditions,
and values. It categorizes people with diverse race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or language
among various groups within a community, organization, or nation. For example, a wide range of
multicultural people can be found in the United States. With one-third of multicultural and
multiethnic people (Humes et al. 2011, 4), the United States is a melting pot of all different cultures
around the world. There are, for example, AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Caucasians,
Hispanics and Asian-Pacific Islanders. All these people have their own ways of life and own
identities that discrete from others.
• Minority cultural groups are increasingly extending across the country. Especially within
the last decade, 2000-2010, the minority groups have increased 9.7 per cent (Humes et al.
2011, 4). It was seen that the United States ethnic minorities involved 28 per cent of the
population in 2005; by 2050 this ratio will have reached 50 per cent. Thus, the American
workforce has dramatically changed and is more diverse than ever before. (Seymen 2006,
298.)
• Not only societies or cultures in a specific region identify diversity but the mosaic of
belief systems, human social structures, and strategies for adapting to situations in
different parts of the world define cultural diversity. Many people with different
demographics and socio-cultural characteristics argue that they do not only represent a
homogenous group; they rather belong to different groups with different characteristics.
For example, a person could claim to be Caucasian, European, Christian, female, Finnish,
middle class, and a young adult. There are also a large amount of variations on how
societies arrange themselves in the community in terms of morality, ethics, freedom and
loyalty. (Reisinger 2009, 32-33.)
REFERENCE

• Korjala Veera, CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT – How to


improve cultural diversity workforceTURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE,
2012
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

• What are Filipinos’ competitive advantages?


• Do you believe that it is necessary to continually innovate in managing different races
with different cultures?why?

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