T Test Z Test and ANOVA

ONE-SAMPLE
HYPOTHESIS TEST OF
MEANS
ADVANCED STATISTICS
Hypothesis Testing Procedure
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Decide the level of significance, .
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic. Establish
the critical region.
4. Compute the value of the statistical test.
5. Decide whether to accept or reject the null
hypothesis. Draw a conclusion and
interpretation.
z-test
 The z-test is used in comparing two means if the
population standard deviation is known. We should
give emphasis in the discussion that if the population
is normally distributed, z-test can be used for any
sample size n.
 However, in many practical cases, the population
standard deviation is unknown but the sample is
sufficiently large, that is . The sample standard
deviation is used as an estimator of the population
standard deviation.
z-test
 or
 where:
– z-test value
– sample mean
– population mean
– population standard deviation
– sample standard deviation
– number of cases
Example
 The treasurer of a certain school in
Tuguegarao City claims that the mean
monthly salary of their school teachers is
P21,750 with a standard deviation of P6,000.
A researcher takes a random sample of 75
school teachers and was found to have a mean
monthly salary of P19, 375. Do the 75 school
teachers have lower salaries than the rest? Test
the claim at level of significance.
t-test
 When the sample size involves small case (n<30)
and the population standard deviation is unknown,
use the sample standard deviation (s) as an
estimator of population standard deviation (). In
cases like this, t-distribution is appropriate as the
test statistic.
 Using the t-distribution as test statistic, it is always
an assumption that the sampled population is
normal or approximately normal.
t-test
 The t-distribution was developed by
an employee of Irish brewery in the
person of William S. Gosett (1876-
1936). He chose to publish his
findings using the pen name
“Student”. To honor his work, the
distribution is known today as
Student t-distribution.
Example
 According to the Department of Education, high
school teachers work an average of 40 hours per
week during the school year. A district supervisor
of a certain school surveyed 28 randomly selected
teachers and found that they work an average of
42.6 hours a week and the standard deviation was
3.75 hours. Test if the mean number of hours
worked by teachers in the supervisor’s school
district differs from national average. Use level
of significance.
t-test
 where:
t – t-value
– sample mean
– population mean
s – sample standard deviation
n – number of cases less than 30
df – degrees of freedom (n-1)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS
A. t-test for Independent Samples

B. t-test for Dependent Samples
t-test for Independent Samples
 where:
– mean of the first sample
– mean of the second sample
– variance of the first sample
– variance of the second sample
– number of cases in the first sample
– number of cases in the second sample
Example
 An agronomist randomly selected matured
calamansi trees of one variety and have a
mean height of 10.8 feet with standard
derivation of 1.25 feet, while 12 randomly
selected calamansi trees of another variety
have a mean height of 9.6 feet with standard
derivation of 1.45 feet. Test whether the
difference between the two sample means is
significant. Use .
Example
 Prof. Yonardo A. Gabuyo conducted a review in his
BM102 class. He gave an examination before and after
the review and gathered the following data:
Student Score Before Review Score After Review
1 16 18
2 8 12
3 12 10
4 10 17
5 20 18
6 17 20
7 9 11
8 10 9
9 18 17
10 19 20
 At level of significance, is the new review class

effective?
t-test for Dependent Samples

 where:
d – difference between means
– sum of the squared difference
– sum of the mean difference
n – number of cases
s – standard deviation
df = n – 1
THREE-OR-MORE-SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS
TESTS OF MEAN
 Use the analysis of variance to compute three

or more , sample means. This can be used for
CRD.
 It is also called F-test for comparing k
population means on the assumptions that

independent random samples have been drawn
from the k normal populations and the
variability of each sampled population is .
TESTS OF MEAN
Source of Degrees of ss MS F
variation Freedom
Treatments k-1 SST MST=
Error n-k SSE MSE =
Total n-1 Total SS

TESTS OF MEAN
 Groups of students were randomly assigned

to be taught using four different teaching
techniques. They were tested at the end of a
specified period of time. Because of dropouts
in the experimental groups, the number of
students varied from group to group. Do the
following data present sufficient evidence to
indicate a difference in the mean achievement
for students taught using the four teaching
techniques?
TESTS OF MEAN
A B C D
65 75 59 94
87 69 78 89
73 83 67 80
79 81 62 88
81 72 83
69 79 76
90

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ONE-SAMPLE

A. t-test for Independent Samples

 At level of significance, is the new review class

 Use the analysis of variance to compute three

population means on the assumptions that

Treatments k-1 SST MST=

Error n-k SSE MSE =

Total n-1 Total SS

 Groups of students were randomly assigned

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