Arduino

DC MOTOR
What is a DC Motor?

 A direct current (DC) motor is a type of electric machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
 DC motors take electrical power through direct current, and convert this energy
into mechanical rotation.
 DC motors use magnetic fields that occur from the electrical currents generated,
which powers the movement of a rotor fixed within the output shaft. The output
torque and speed depends upon both the electrical input and the design of the
motor.
How DC Motors work?
 The term ‘DC motor’ is used to refer to any rotary electrical machine that converts
direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 DC motors can vary in size and power from small motors in toys and appliances
to large mechanisms that power vehicles, pull elevators and hoists, and drive steel
rolling mills.
But how do DC Motors work?
 DC Motors include two key components: a stator and an armature.
 The stator is the stationary part of a motor, while the armature rotates.
 In a DC motor, the stator provides a rotating magnetic field that drives the
armature to rotate.
Who invented the DC Motor?
 In the US, Thomas Davenport is widely celebrated as the inventor of the first
electric motor, and undoubtedly he was the first to patent a useable electric motor
in 1837.
 In 1834, Moritz Jacobi had presented a motor that was three times as powerful as
the one Davenport would later patent, while Sibrandus Stratingh and
Christopher Becker were the first to demonstrate a practical application for an
electric motor, by running a small model car in 1835.
 The first practical DC motor was invented some years later in 1886 by Frank
Julian Sprague, whose invention lead to the first motor powered trolley system
in 1887, and the first electric elevator in 1892. So, his DC motor was a hugely
significant development, leading to a variety of applications which would reshape
the face of industry and manufacturing.
Types of DC Motors
Brushless DC Motors What is a brushless DC Motor? How does a brushless DC
Motor work?
Brushless DC motors are also known as In a DC motor, DC running
electronically commutated motors, or synchronous through the wire winding creates
DC motors, and differ to the brushed motor. They the magnetic field. Each time the
don’t have commutator like the other varieties, armature rotates by 180°, the
which is replace by an electronic servomechanism position of the north and south
that is able to detect and adjust the angle of the poles are reversed. If the magnetic
rotor. field of the poles remained the
same, the rotor would not turn. To
create torque in one direction in a
DC motor, the direction of the
electric current must be reversed
with every 180° turn of the
armature.
Types of DC Motors
Brushed DC Motors What is a brushed DC Motor? How does a brushed DC
Motor work?
The brushed dc motor is the original DC DC motors utilize soft
motor, dating back to Sprague’s initial contacts known as ‘brushes’ to
design. The classic brushed motor features a ensure the motor rotates in
commutator, to reverse the current every one direction. Brushed
half cycle and create single direction torque motors’ speed can be varied
by the operating voltage or
the strength of the magnetic
field.
Types of DC Motors
Shunt DC Motors What is a Shunt DC Motor?

A DC shunt motor is a variety of brushed motor that has the field windings
connected in parallel with the armature. Shunt wound DC motors have a
lower current because of the parallel windings.
A shunt motor is used for applications that require a constant torque, where
the load is not significantly altered by speed, such as conveyor belts, mixers
and hoists.
Types of DC Motors
Series DC Motors What is a Series DC Motor?

Series wound DC motors are the final variety of brushed motors.

The difference between this variety and the shunt motors discussed
previously is that field windings are connected in a series. This means that
the entire armature current passes to the field winding, creating much faster
speeds.
As the supply voltage can’t be adjusted, series DC motors can’t regulate
their speed particularly well, while this is a problem for some applications,
it makes them particularly useful for tasks that require high starting torque,
such as power tools and sewing machines.
 Pull-up Resistors
 Pull-up resistors are resistors used in logic circuits to ensure a well-defined
logical level at a pin under all conditions. As a reminder, digital logic circuits
have three logic states: high, low and floating (or high impedance).
 The high-impedance state occurs when the pin is not pulled to a high or low logic
level, but is left “floating" instead. 
 A good illustration of this is an unconnected input pin of a microcontroller. It is
neither in a high or low logic state, and the microcontroller might unpredictably
interpret the input value as either a logical high or logical low. 
 Without the pull-up resistor, the MCU’s input would be floating when the switch
is open and pulled down to a logical low only when the switch is closed.
 A typical pull-up resistor value is 4.7 kΩ, but can vary depending on the
application
Pull-up resistors are resistors which are used to ensure that a wire is pulled to a high
logical level in the absence of an input signal.
Pull-up Resistors
 Pull-down resistors work in the same manner as pull-up resistors, except
that they pull the pin to a logical low value.
 They are connected between ground and the appropriate pin on a device.
 An example of a pull-down resistor in a digital circuit can be seen in the
following figure.
 In this figure, a pushbutton switch is connected between the supply
voltage and a microcontroller pin. In such a circuit, when the switch is
closed, the microcontroller input is at a logical high value, but when the
switch is open, the pull-down resistor pulls the input voltage down to
ground (logical zero value), preventing an undefined state at the input.
The pull-down resistor must have a larger resistance than the impedance
of the logic circuit, or else it might be able to pull the voltage down by too
much and the input voltage at the pin would remain at a constant logical
low value – regardless of the switch position.
Performance Task
 Create a program using Arduino and Proteus, which the switch will be the input and the
DC motor would be the output, the DC motor will rotate once the switch is “ON”, and
stops when “OFF”. Use Pull-Down Resistor in the circuit.
 END OF
DISCUSSION