HAVE A GOOD TIME


YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

PHD. THESIS (TITLE DEFENCE)

Presented by:
Thet Zaw
Ph.D- 35(T)
Y.T.U
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
 Objectives of Study
 Scope of Study
 Study Program
 Literature Review
 Configuration of Proposed Bridge
 Load Considerations
 Analysis and Design
 Comparisons of Analysis Results
 Conclusions
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 The main objective of this study is to study the differences
between suspension bridges with two different types of cable
anchoring by using STAAD-Pro software.
 To have better knowledge and skill in computer-aided analysis and
design applied to a suspension bridge.
 To get some knowledge about design specifications for highway
bridges, published by AASHTO and JRA.
 To have some experiences about behaviour of suspension bridge
with two different anchoring systems.
 To compare analysis results of suspension bridges with two
different anchoring systems.
SCOPE OF STUDY
Analysis and design of the bridge are carried out by STAAD-Pro
software.
Warren type steel truss and reinforced concrete deck are used.

Roadways of four lanes are provided for highway traffic of HS 20-

44 truck load and many possible load cases are considered
according to specifications for highway bridges published by
AASHTO.
Consider wind load as open structure type based on ASCE
specifications, and equivalent static earthquake based on UBC-97.
Self-anchored system is used to compare with conventional
externally-anchored system.
FLOW CHART OF STUDY PROGRAM

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SUSPENSION BRIDGE

WITH DIFFERENT ANCHORING SYSTEMS

MODELLING OF
SUSPENSION BRIDGES

EXTERNALL SELF -
Y- ASSUME MEMBER ANCHORED
ANCHORED SIZES SYSTEM
SYSTEM

INPUT LOADS
DL, LL, T, W, EQs

ANALYZE AND DESIGN

COMPARE ANALYSIS RESULTS

SUSPENSION BRIDGE COMPONENTS
Components
1.Towers
2.Anchorage
s
3.Cables
4.Deck
TYPES OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES
TYPES OF ANCHORAGE

(e.g. Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge)

(e.g. Yeongjong Grand Bridge)

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DESIGNING
A SUSPENSION BRIDGE
INITIAL CONDITIONS
Configuration
• Span Length
• Cable Sag
Assumption of Member
• Dead Load
• Stiffness

Live Load Wind Load Earthquake

Design of Member Analysis of Tower

• Cable • Design of Tower
• Stiffening Girder

Verification of
Assume Value of END
No Member Yes
CONFIGURATION OF PROPOSED BRIDGE
 Bridge type - Three-span suspension bridge
 Tower type - Portal type concrete tower
 Girder type - Warren truss
 Main span - 600 ft
 Side span - 200 ft (each side)
 Road width - 48 ft (four lanes)
 Sidewalk - 3.5 ft (each side)
 Tower height - 130 ft
 Truss height - 10 ft
 Truss width - 55 ft
 Hanger spacing - 20 ft
Y
X

3D View of Externally-anchored Suspension Bridge

3D View of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

Elevation of Externally-anchored Suspension Bridge

Elevation of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOSED BRIDGE

1. Steel:

Modulus of elasticity = 29,000 ksi

Yield strength , Fy = 50 ksi

Ultimate tensile strength , Fu = 65 ksi

2. Concrete:

Modulus of elasticity = 3.605 x 103 ksi

Compressive Strength of concrete = 4 ksi

3. PWS Cable:

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Cable = 242.15 ksi (1670 MPa)

LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
1. Dead Load, D
Self weight
Superimposed DL

2. Pedestrain Load (Side walk live load)

3. Impact, I

4. Live load, L
Lane load *
Truck load

5. Temperature Load, T

6. Wind Load, W

7. Seismic Load, EQ
LANE LOAD
Concentrated Load { 18,000 lb for Moment
26,000 lb for Shear
Uniform Load 640 lb per linear foot of load lane

H20-44 Loading
HS20-44 Loading

Lane Loading(AASHTO 17th)

Road way of four lanes is divided into 16 primary lane patterns and five
combined lane patterns as to consider the unbalanced loading conditions for
bridge as shown in Figures.

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
Side span Main span Side span
Primary Lane Loading Patterns
Combined Lane Loading Patterns
LOAD COMBINATIONS
The following combinations of loads are considered accoring to
AASHTO.

GROUP LOADING

Combination I D+L+I
Combination II D+W
Combination III D + L + I + 0.3W
Combination IV D+W+T
Combination V D+L+I+T
Combination VI D + L + I + 0.3W + T
Combination VII (in X Direction) D + EQX
Combination VII (in Z Direction) D + EQZ
TRIAL MEMBER SIZES OF STIFFENING TRUSS

 Upper chord = W14x176  Vertical member = W12x58

 Lower chord = W14x311  Lateral bracing = W14x82
 Stringer = W12x45  Sway bracing = W12x50
 Floor beam = W14x53  Diagonal member = W12x79

3D View of Stiffening Truss

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SUSPENSION
BRIDGES
Analysis for initial tensions
By the method of continuous beam on rigid supports, the main girder
is assumed to behave like a continuous beam under the dead load and the
hangers provide rigid supports for the girder, the tension forces in hangers
are equal to these vertical support reactions.

3D View of Continuous Truss with Hinge Supports at Hanger Node Points

Reaction Summary for Continuous Truss due to DL only
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
Fx kip Fy kip Fz kip
Max Fx 22.774 55.74 -30.03
Min Fx -22.774 55.74 -30.03
Max Fy 2.262 105.298 -57.604
Min Fy 22.774 55.74 -30.03
Max Fz 2.262 105.298 57.604
Min Fz 2.262 105.298 -57.604

Maximum Support Reaction

Fy(max) = 105.298 kips
Input initial tension of 110 kips for each hanger.
From calculation,
Input initial tension of 4800 kips for main cables.
Analysis for Cable Dimension
Reaction Summary For Continuous Truss due to (D+L+I)
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
Fx kip Fy kip Fz kip
Max Fx 30.499 73.982 -42.23
Min Fx -30.499 73.982 -42.23
Max Fy 1.277 174.011 -112.079
Min Fy 30.499 73.982 -42.23
Max Fx 1.277 174.011 112.079
Min Fz 1.277 174.011 -112.079

Maximum Support Reaction

Fy(max) = 174.011 kips
Take max: tension of 175 kips for each hanger.
From calculation,
Take max: tension of 7540 kips for main cables.
CROSS SECTIONS OF CABLE AND
HANGER 55mm~2.16in

5mm
Cross Section of Hanger

385mm~15.16in

37 nos. 5mm

Cross Section of Main Cable

Breaking Load of cable = Tensile strength x factor x area of cable

= 242.15 x 0.95 x [91 x 37 x ( x 52/4) x (1/25.42)]
= 23573.07 kips
Check for Factor of Safety,
Breaking Load
S.F = Tmax
23573.07
= 7540

= 3.13 > 3 (OK)

Check for Deflection,

Allowable deflection = = =L 9 in 600 x12
800 800
(due to service live load plus impact)

In Externally-anchored bridge,
Maximum deflection = 6.598 in < 9 in (OK)

In Self-anchored bridge,
Maximum deflection = 12.62 in > 9 in (NOT OK)
Design Results From Analysis of two bridges
Maximum Norminalized Ratio
Remarks
Member Section
External Self (Cause)

Upper Chord W14x176 0.36 2.807 (Fail) due to axial comp:

Lower Chord W14x311 0.85 1.244 (Fail) due to axial comp:
Stringer W12x45 0.505 2.368 (Fail) due to bi-axial bending
Floor Beam W14x53 0.606 1.812 (Fail) due to bi-axial bending
Vertical W12x58 0.951 2.797 (Fail) due to axial tens:
Diagonal W12x79 0.826 1.073 (Fail) due to axial comp:
Sway Bracing W12x50 0.662 0.687 -
Lateral Bracing W14x82 0.461 0.348 -
Lower Cross Beam W14x82 0.666 0.658 -

Failed Members in Self-anchored Bridge

Change Member Sizes of Self-anchored Suspenion Bridge

Member Original Section Changed Section

Upper Chord W14x176 W14x730

Lower Chord W14x311 W14x455

Stringer W12x45 W12x72

Floor Beam W14x53 W14x145

Vertical W12x58 W12x210

Diagonal W12x79 W12x96

Check for Deflection

After changing member sizes,

In Self-anchored bridge,
Maximum deflection = 7.724 in < 9 in (OK)
Comparison of
Displacement
Comparison of Upper Chord Displacement in Y Direction
2

Displacement, inch 0

-2

-4

-6

-8
80
0

40

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

440

480

520

600

640

720

760

800

880

920

960

1000
400

560

680

840
Span Length, ft

DL ONLY D+LL1+I D+LL2+I D+LL3+I D+LL4+I D+LL5+I

0
Displacement, inch

-2

-4

-6

-8
0

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

440

480

520

600

640

720

760

800

880

920

960

1000
40

400

560

680

840
Span Length, ft

DL ONLY D+LL1+I D+LL2+I D+LL3+I D+LL4+I D+LL5+I

Comparison of Maximum Upper Chord Displacement
in Y Direction
External Self
Load Case
Node Max: y (inch) Node Max: y (inch)
D+LL1+I 1033 -3.384 1071 -4.34
D+LL2+I 843 -5.257 881 -5.413
D+LL3+I 1223 -5.226 1223 -6.058
D+LL4+I 995 -3.095 1033 -3.972
D+LL5+I 1033 -6.333 1033 -7.503

I I I I I
L1+ L2+ L3+ L4+ L5+
L L L L L
D+ D+ D+ D+ D+
0

-1

-2
Displacement, inch

-3 EXTERNAL
SELF
-4

-5

-6

-7

-8
Comparison of Upper Chord Displacement in Z Direction
-3.5
-3
-2.5
Displacement, inch

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0

120

160

200

240

280

320

400

760

800

840

880

920
40

80

360

440

480

520

560

600

640

680

720

960

1000
Span Length, ft

D+W D+L+I+0.3W D+W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T D+EQZ

-3
-2.5
Displacement, inch

-2
-1.5

-1
-0.5
0
0

120

160

200

240

280

320

400

760

800

840

880

920
40

80

360

440

480

520

560

600

640

680

720

960

1000
Span Length, ft

D+W D+L+I+0.3W D+W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T D+EQZ

Comparison of Maximum Upper Chord Displacement
in Z Direction
External Self
Load Case
Node Max: z (inch) Node Max: z (inch)
D+W 1071 -2.869 1071 -2.771
D+L+I+0.3W 1109 -0.859 1071 -0.841
D+W+T 1071 -2.874 1071 -2.773
D+L+I+0.3W+T 1109 -0.863 1071 -0.844
D+EQZ 1071 -1.175 1033 -1.134

D+W

D+L+I+0.3W

D+W+T
EXTERNAL
D+L+I+0.3W+T SELF

D+EQZ

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5

Displacement, inch
Comparison of Lower Chord Displacement in Y Direction
2

Displacement, inch
0

-2

-4

-6

-8
0

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

440

480

520

560

600

640

680

720

760

800

840

880

920

960

1000
40

80

400
Span Length, ft

DL ONLY D+LL1+I D+LL2+I D+LL3+I D+LL4+I D+LL5+I

2
Displacement, inch

-2

-4

-6

-8
0

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

480

520

600

640

720

760

800

840

880

920

960

1000
40

560

680
Span Length, ft

DL ONLY D+LL1+I D+LL2+I D+LL3+I D+LL4+I D+LL5+I

Comparison of Maximum Lower Chord Displacement
in Y Direction
External Self
Load Case
Node Max: y (inch) Node Max: y (inch)
D+LL1+I 1047 -3.409 1085 -4.364
D+LL2+I 857 -5.281 895 -5.436
D+LL3+I 1237 -5.25 1237 -6.081
D+LL4+I 1009 -3.119 1047 -3.995
D+LL5+I 1047 -6.36 1047 -7.529

I I I I I
L1+ L2+ L3+ L4+ L5+
L L L L L
D+ D+ D+ D+ D+
0
Displacement, inch

-2

EXTERNAL
SELF
-4

-6

-8
Comparison of Lower Chord Displacement in Z Direction
-3.5
-3
Displacement, inch
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
40

80

1000
0

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

480

520

560

600

640

680

720

800

840

880

920

960
440

760
Span Length, ft

D+W D+L+I+0.3W D+W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T D+EQZ

-3.5
-3
Displacement, inch

-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
40

80
0

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

400

440

480

520

600

640

680

720

760

800

840

880

960

1000
560

920
Span Length, ft

D+W D+L+I+0.3W D+W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T D+EQZ

Comparison of Maximum Lower Chord Displacement
in Z Direction
External Self
Load Case
Node Max: z (inch) Node Max: z (inch)
D+W 1123 -2.924 1085 -2.899
D+L+I+0.3W 1047 -0.911 1047 -0.899
D+W+T 1123 -2.964 1085 -2.943
D+L+I+0.3W+T 1047 -0.952 1047 -0.94
D+EQZ 1047 -1.206 1085 -1.191

D+W

D+L+I+0.3W

D+W+T EXTERNAL
SELF
D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQZ

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5

Displacement, inch
Comparison of Maximum Tower Displacement
Longitudinal Direc- Traverse Direction 4
4 tion 4

3
Tower Node Number

Tower Node Number

3 3

2 2
2

1
1

-0.35
0
-0.05

-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
-0.3
-0.1
0.2
0.4

0.8
0

0.6

1
1.2

1
Displacement, inch Displacement, inch
EXTERNAL SELF EXTERNAL SELF

 In externally-anchored system, longitudinal displacement is greater.

 In traverse Z-direction, maximum tower displacements of both externally-
anchored and self-anchored suspension bridges are not quite different.
Comparison of
Cable Tension
COMPARISON OF TENSION
Comparison of Maximum Tension Force of Main Cable
and Hanger
Main Cable Tension (kips) Hanger Tension (kips)
L/C
External Self External Self

DL only 4912.429 4592.128 105.202 96.93

D+L+I 6178.757 5750.504 137.927 126.617

D+W 4949.729 4650.107 105.809 98.332

D+L+I+0.3W 6188.386 5767.898 138.038 126.829

D+L+I+T 6025.223 5643.813 135.085 124.721

D+W+T 4793.815 4546.867 102.755 95.835

D+L+I+0.3W+T 6032.472 5661.208 135.202 124.911

D+EQX 5277.777 4966.757 113.829 106.123

D+EQZ 5010.669 4653.055 107.286 98.403

 Comparison of Main Cable Tensions
7000

Tension Forces, kips

6000
5000
4000
EXTERNAL
3000
SELF
2000 Tension > Tension
1000
(External) (Self)
0

D+L+I+0.3W
DL ONLY

D+EQX
D+L+I

D+W

D+L+I+T

D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQZ
Comparison of Hanger Tensions
150
Tension Forces, kips

120

90
EXTERNAL
Tension > Tension 60
SELF
(External) (Self) 30

0
DL ONLY

D+L+I

D+EQX
D+W

D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+0.3W+T
D+L+I+T

D+W+T

D+EQZ
 Comparison of
Member Axial Force
 Left Lower Chord

Left Upper Chord

Right Lower Chord

Right Upper Chord

Location of Upper Chords and Lower Chords

Left Vertical Member

Right Vertical Member

Location of Vertical Members

Left Diagonal Member

Right Diagonal Member

Location of Diagonal Members

 Left Upper Chord due to D+L+I+0.3W+T
4500
4000

Axial Forces, kips

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp:
- ve = tens: Span Length, ft
EXTERNAL SELF

Right Upper Chord due to D+L+I+0.3W+T

4500
4000
3500
3000
Axial Forces, kips

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
40
70
100
130

190
220
250
280
310
340
370
400
430
460
490
520
550
580

640
670
700
730
760
790
820
850
880
910
940
970
1000
10

160

610
+ve = comp:
- ve = tens: Span Length, ft
EXTERNAL SELF
Comparison of Max: Compression Force of Upper Chord
Maximum Compression Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 1040 7.245 200 3490.198
D+L+I 2300 91.839 200 4368.845
D+W 2425 123.418 200 3528.715
D+L+I+0.3W 2301 131.710 200 4380.400
D+L+I+T 2300 257.796 200 4423.500
D+W+T 2301 288.344 4356 3594.975
D+L+I+0.3W+T 2301 297.620 200 4435.055
D+EQX 4233 27.486 201 3806.253
D+EQZ 2509 43.755 201 3545.588
5000
Compression Force, kips

4000

3000 No tension force occurs in

2000 EXTERNAL upper chord of self-anchored
1000
SELF bridge.

0
D+EQX
D+L+I+0.3W
D+L+I

D+W

D+L+I+T

D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQZ
DL only

Comp: Force > Comp: Force

(Self) (External)
 Left Lower Chord due to D+L+I+0.3W+T
3000
2500

Axial Forces, kips

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp:
- ve = tens: Span Length, ft
EXTERNAL SELF

Right Lower Chord due to D+L+I+0.3W+T

3000
2500
Axial Forces, kips

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp:
- ve = tens: Span Length, ft
EXTERNAL SELF
 Left Lower Chord due toD+EQX
1500

1000

Axial Forces, kips 500

-500

-1000

-1500
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp:
- ve = tens: Span Length, ft
EXTERNAL SELF

Right Lower Chord due toD+EQX

1500

1000
Axial Forces, kips

500

-500

-1000

-1500
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF
Comparison of Max: Compression Force of Lower Chord
Maximum Compression Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 2294 36.026 3555 1435.982
D+L+I 3470 522.955 3597 2322.575
D+W 238 554.454 3554 1535.012
D+L+I+0.3W 3470 532.866 3597 2352.266
D+L+I+T 3512 1101.813 3598 2640.887
D+W+T 238 741.25 3597 1853.007
D+L+I+0.3W+T 3512 1111.752 3597 2670.343
D+EQX 3512 44.457 3598 1327.067
D+EQZ 195 245.821 3597 1467.578
3000
Compression Force, kips

2500

2000

1500

1000
EXTERNAL
500 SELF

0
Comp: Force > Comp: Force
D+W

D+L+I+0.3W

D+EQX
D+L+I

D+L+I+0.3W+T
D+W+T

D+EQZ
D+L+I+T
DL only

(Self) (External)
Comparison of Max: Tension Force of Lower Chord
Maximum Tension Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 3722 -39.288 195 -624.984
D+L+I 2210 -438.976 194 -751.947
D+W 237 -574.857 194 -1154.18
D+L+I+0.3W 2211 -505.955 194 -910.705
D+L+I+T 2210 -410.077 194 -547.131
D+W+T 194 -388.315 194 -949.365
D+L+I+0.3W+T 2211 -477.047 194 -705.89
D+EQX 194 -394.64 194 -1432.37
D+EQZ 194 -266.41 194 -898.12
D+L+I+0.3W+T
D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T
DL only

D+W+T

D+EQX

D+EQZ
D+L+I

D+W

0
Tension Force, kips

-400

EXTERNAL
-800 Tens: Force > Tens: Force
SELF
(Self) (External)
-1200

-1600
 Left Vertical Member due to D+L+I+0.3W
200

-200
Axial Forces, kips
-400

-600

-800

-1000

-1200
30
60
0

90
120
150
180

240
270
300
330
360
390
420

480
510

570
600
630
660
690
720
750

810
840
870
900
930
960
990
210

450

540

780
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF

Right Vertical Member due to D+L+I+0.3W

200

-200
Axial Forces, kips

-400

-600

-800

-1000

-1200
30
60
0

90
120
150
180

240
270
300
330
360
390
420

480
510

570
600
630
660
690
720
750

810
840
870
900
930
960
990
210

450

540

780
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF
Comparison of Max: Tension Force of Vertical Member
Maximum Tension Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 184 -171.585 184 -915.269
D+L+I 184 -221.274 184 -1148.940
D+W 4383 -172.284 184 -928.150
D+L+I+0.3W 183 -221.383 184 -1152.810
D+L+I+T 183 -212.884 183 -1114.900
D+W+T 183 -163.828 184 -889.929
D+L+I+0.3W+T 183 -213.056 184 -1114.590
D+EQX 183 -186.464 183 -994.417
D+EQZ 4384 -175.352 4384 -927.431
D+L+I+0.3W+T
D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T
DL only

D+W+T

D+EQX

D+EQZ
D+L+I

D+W

0
Tension Force, kips

-300
EXTERNAL
-600 SELF
-900 Tens: Force > Tens: Force
(Self) (External)
-1200

-1500
 Left Diagonal Member due to D+L+I+0.3W+T
500
400
300

Axial Forces, kips 200

100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960

+ve = comp: Span Length, ft

- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF

Right Diagonal Member due to D+L+I+0.3W+T

600
500
400
Axial Forces, kips

300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF
 Left Diagonal Member due to D+L+I+T
500
400
300
Axial Forces, kips 200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF

Right Diagonal Member due to D+L+I+T

500
400
300
Axial Forces, kips

200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 860 910 960
+ve = comp: Span Length, ft
- ve = tens: EXTERNAL SELF
Comparison of Max: Compression Force of Diagonal
Member
Maximum Compression Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 1586 37.275 998 254.545
D+L+I 3557 141.265 998 421.996
D+W 198 124.578 999 293.485
D+L+I+0.3W 999 144.71 999 431.595
D+L+I+T 3558 199.985 998 455.095
D+W+T 198 115.537 999 324.049
D+L+I+0.3W+T 3558 199.991 999 462.159
D+EQX 243 103.028 3557 276.709
D+EQZ 243 103.028 3557 267.301
500
Compression Force, kips

400

300 EXTERNAL
SELF
200

100

0
Comp: Force > Comp: Force
D+EQX
D+W

D+L+I+0.3W
D+L+I

D+L+I+T

D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQZ
DL only

(Self) (External)
Comparison of Max: Tension Force of Diagonal Member
Maximum Tension Force (kips)
L/C
Beam No. External Beam No. Self
DL only 1541 - 955 -161.152
D+L+I 3603 -57.241 955 -301.153
D+W 242 -59.806 954 -200.187
D+L+I+0.3W 954 -60.13 954 -310.766
D+L+I+T 3603 -114.513 954 -331.299
D+W+T 197 -67.27 954 -232.431
D+L+I+0.3W+T 3603 -113.746 954 -343.01
D+EQX 197 -46.476 3603 -181.594
D+EQZ 197 -46.476 3603 -168.448
D+L+I+0.3W+T
D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T
DL only

D+W+T

D+EQX

D+EQZ
D+L+I

D+W

0
Tension Force, kips

-100
EXTERNAL
-200 SELF
Tens: Force > Tens: Force
-300 (Self) (External)

-400
 Comparison of
Axial force, Shear and
Moment of
Floor System
 Compression Force, kips

0
100
200
300
400

DL only
Stringer

D+L+I

D+W

D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T

Moment, kips-in D+W+T

100
200
300
400
500

0
D+L+I+0.3W+T

DL only D+EQX

D+L+I D+EQZ
SELF

D+W
EXTERNAL

D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T
Shear Force, kips
D+W+T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

D+L+I+0.3W+T
DL only
D+EQX
D+L+I
D+EQZ
SELF

D+W

D+L+I+0.3W
EXTERNAL

D+L+I+T

D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T
Comparison Of Axial Force, Shear And Moment Of

D+EQX
SELF

D+EQZ
EXTERNAL
 Shear Force, kips Compression Force, kips

0
10
20
30
40
120
160

0
40
80
DL only DL only

D+L+I D+L+I

D+W D+W

D+L+I+0.3W
Floor Beam

D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T D+L+I+T

D+W+T D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQX D+EQX

D+EQZ SELF
SELF

D+EQZ
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL

Moment, kips-in Tension Force, kips

-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100

300
600
900
0

0
1200
1500

DL only DL only

D+L+I D+L+I

D+W D+W

D+L+I+0.3W D+L+I+0.3W

D+L+I+T D+L+I+T

D+W+T D+W+T

D+L+I+0.3W+T D+L+I+0.3W+T

D+EQX D+EQX
Comparison of Axial Force, Shear and Moment of

SELF

SELF

D+EQZ D+EQZ
EXTERNAL

EXTERNAL
 Comparison of
Support Reaction
Comparison Of Support Reaction
Reaction, kips
Anchoring
Support Node
system Fx Fy Fz

External -703.460 -193.175 -160.601

Hinge 90
Self -1601.907 -1139.685 -135.492
External -442.095 -187.803 274.987
Hinge 91
Self -1579.995 -1124.704 258.728
External 0 -143.469 -127.413
Roller 2002
Self 0 -1069.647 -137.464
External 0 -136.215 199.406
Roller 2003
Self 0 -1074.960 224.058
Comparison Of Support Reaction
EXTERNAL EXTERNAL
SELF Support node SELF
Support node
90 91 2002 2003
90 91 2002 2003 0
0

-300

Reaction, kips
-400
Reaction, kips

-800 -600

-1200
-900
-1600
-1200
-2000 Fx Fy

EXTERNAL
SELF
300

200
Reaction, kips

100

0
90 91 2002 2003
-100

-200
Support node
Fz
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn out from comparison of
analysis results of self-anchored bridge to externally-anchored bridge.
1. The maximum displacement in vertical direction due to dead plus full
lane load is 7.529 inches in self-anchored system and that in externally-
anchored system is 6.36 inches. Maximum deflection is greater.
2. Different anchoring system of self-anchored bridge results in fifteen
times greater in axial compression force of upper chord and five times
greater in axial tension force of vertical member. Thus, member sizes are
necessary to be increased.
3. The large axial forces occur in floor system of self-anchored bridge,
especially large compression force in stringers and large tension force in
end floor beam.
Continues...

4. The maximum shear forces and moments in floor system of self-

anchored bridge are also greater.
5. In self-anchored system, the large horizontal cable forces transfer to the
members of stiffening truss, resulting in larger compression forces along
the stiffening truss than at externally-anchored system. So, at the end of
each side span the axial compression forces of members (especially top
chords) are very huge.
6. In self-anchored bridge, support reactions at the end of side span are also
greater.
7. Although self-anchored suspension bridge can achieve a reduction in
anchorage cost, it gives more complex in structural behaviours and
difficulties in erection.
THANK YOU
FOR ATTENTION
