Chapter 3 Logic Gates

Digital
Fundamentals
Tenth Edition
Floyd
Logic Gates
© 2008 Pearson Education

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Learning outcome:
• After completion of this section/ unit learners

will be able to:
Understand and apply Logic Gates in small

circuits.
Understand and apply Boolean algebra
theorem, simplify Boolean expression using
Truth table using Karnaugh Map and design
combinational logic.
Assessment criteria
• The operation of logic gates is described.

• Use each logic gate in simple applications,
demonstrated.
• Theorems and laws of Boolean algebra are applied.
• Using Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean expressions
and truth table is performed.
• Using the Karnaugh map to expand an output
expression containing terms with missing variable into a
full SOP and POS, is demonstrated.
• Apply combinational logic to a system application,
demonstrated
Summary
Logic Gates
• Inverter
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
• Exclusive-OR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• Exclusive-NOR Gate
Summary
The Inverter A X
The inverter performs the Boolean NOT operation. When

the input is LOW, the output is HIGH; when the input is
HIGH, the output is LOW.
Input Output
A X
LOW (0) HIGH (1)
HIGH (1) LOW(0)
The NOT operation (complement) is shown with an overbar.

Thus, the Boolean expression for an inverter is X = A.
Summary
The Inverter
Summary
The Inverter A X
Example waveforms:
A
X
A group of inverters can be used to form the 1’s
complement of a binary number: Binary number
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1’s complement
Summary
A A
X & X
The AND Gate B
B
The AND gate produces a HIGH output when all inputs are
HIGH; otherwise, the output is LOW. For a 2-input gate,
the truth table is Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
The AND operation is usually shown with a dot between the

variables but it may be implied (no dot). Thus, the AND
operation is written as X = A .B or X = AB.
Summary
The AND Gate
Summary
A A
X & X
The AND Gate B
B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
The AND operation is used in computer programming as a
selective mask. If you want to retain certain bits of a binary
number but reset the other bits to 0, you could set a mask
with 1’s in the position of the retained bits.
If the binary number 10100011 is ANDed with
the mask 00001111, what is the result? 00000011
Summary
The AND Gate
Summary
A X A ≥1 X
The OR Gate
B B
The OR gate produces a HIGH output if any input is HIGH;

if all inputs are LOW, the output is LOW. For a 2-input
gate, the truth table is Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The OR operation is shown with a plus sign (+) between the

variables. Thus, the OR operation is written as X = A + B.
Summary
The OR Gate
Summary
A X A ≥1 X
The OR Gate
B B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
The OR operation can be used in computer programming to set certain
bits of a binary number to 1.
ASCII letters have a 1 in the bit 5 position for lower case letters
and a 0 in this position for capitals. (Bit positions are numbered
from right to left starting with 0.) What will be the result if you
OR an ASCII letter with the 8-bit mask 00100000?
The resulting letter will be lower case.
Summary
The OR Gate
Summary
A X A & X
The NAND Gate
B B
The NAND gate produces a LOW output when all inputs
are HIGH; otherwise, the output is HIGH. For a 2-input
gate, the truth table is Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The NAND operation is shown with a dot between the

variables and an overbar covering them. Thus, the NAND
operation is written as X = A .B (Alternatively, X = AB.)
Summary
The NAND Gate
Summary
A X A & X
The NAND Gate
B B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
The NAND gate is particularly useful because it is a
“universal” gate – all other basic gates can be constructed
from NAND gates.
How would you connect a 2-input NAND gate
to form a basic inverter?
Summary
The NAND Gate
Summary
A X A ≥1 X
The NOR Gate
B B
The NOR gate produces a LOW output if any input is

HIGH; if all inputs are HIGH, the output is LOW. For a
2-input gate, the truth table is
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
The NOR operation is shown with a plus sign (+) between
the variables and an overbar covering them. Thus, the NOR
operation is written as X = A + B.
Summary
The NOR Gate
Summary
A X A ≥1 X
The NOR Gate
B B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
The NOR operation will produce a LOW if any input is HIGH.
+5.0 V
When is the LED is ON for the circuit shown? 330 W
A
The LED will be on when any of B X
C
the four inputs are HIGH. D
Summary
The NOR Gate
Summary
A X A X
The XOR Gate =1
B B
The XOR gate produces a HIGH output only when both

inputs are at opposite logic levels. The truth table is
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The XOR operation is written as X = AB + AB.

Alternatively, it can be written with a circled plus sign
between the variables as X = A + B.
Summary
The XOR Gate
Summary
A X A X
The XOR Gate =1
B B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
Notice that the XOR gate will produce a HIGH only when exactly one
input is HIGH.
If the A and B waveforms are both inverted for the above
waveforms, how is the output affected?
There is no change in the output.
Summary
The XOR Gate
Summary
A X A X
The XNOR Gate =1
B B
The XNOR gate produces a HIGH output only when both

inputs are at the same logic level. The truth table is
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
The XNOR operation shown as X = AB + AB.
Alternatively, the XNOR operation can be shown with a
circled dot between the variables. Thus, it can be shown as X
= A . B.
Summary
The XNOR Gate
Summary
A X A X
The XNOR Gate =1
B B
Example waveforms:
A
B
X
Notice that the XNOR gate will produce a HIGH when both inputs are the
same. This makes it useful for comparison functions.
If the A waveform is inverted but B remains the same, how is
the output affected?
The output will be inverted.
Summary
The XNOR Gate
Summary
Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case
Pins
The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

for laboratory experiments with logic.
Summary
Fixed Function Logic
Two major fixed function logic families are TTL and CMOS.
A third technology is BiCMOS, which combines the first
two. Packaging for fixed function logic is shown.
0.335 – 0.334 in.
0.740 – 0.770 in. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
0.250 ± 0.010 in. 0.228 – 0.244 in.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pin no.1 Lead no.1
identifiers identifier
14
1 14
1
DIP package SOIC package
Summary
Fixed Function Logic
Some common gate configurations are shown.
VCC VCC VCC VCC
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'00 ' 02 '04 '08
VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'10 '11 '20 '21
VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'27 '30 '32 '86
Selected Key Terms
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic
operations such as AND or OR.
OR gate A logic gate that produces a HIGH output when
one or more inputs are HIGH.
A logic gate that produces a LOW output only
NAND gate
when all of its inputs are HIGH.
NOR gate A logic gate that produces a LOW output when one
or more inputs are HIGH.
A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only

Exclusive-OR
when its two inputs are at opposite levels.
gate
Exclusive-NOR A logic gate that produces a LOW output only
gate when its two inputs are at opposite levels.
Selected Key Terms
Inverter A logic circuit that inverts or complements its

inputs.
Truth table A table showing the inputs and corresponding
output(s) of a logic circuit.
Timing A diagram of waveforms showing the proper time
diagram relationship of all of the waveforms.
Boolean The mathematics of logic circuits.

algebra
AND gate A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only
when all of its inputs are HIGH.

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Digital

© 2008 Pearson Education

• After completion of this section/ unit learners

Understand and apply Logic Gates in small

• The operation of logic gates is described.

The inverter performs the Boolean NOT operation. When

The NOT operation (complement) is shown with an overbar.

The AND operation is usually shown with a dot between the

The OR gate produces a HIGH output if any input is HIGH;

The OR operation is shown with a plus sign (+) between the

The NAND operation is shown with a dot between the

The NOR gate produces a LOW output if any input is

When is the LED is ON for the circuit shown? 330 W

The XOR gate produces a HIGH output only when both

The XOR operation is written as X = AB + AB.

There is no change in the output.

The XNOR gate produces a HIGH output only when both

The output will be inverted.

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

0.250 ± 0.010 in. 0.228 – 0.244 in.

DIP package SOIC package

VCC VCC VCC VCC

VCC VCC VCC VCC

A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only

Inverter A logic circuit that inverts or complements its

Boolean The mathematics of logic circuits.

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