SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

LECTURES SUMMARY
What are they?

Signal

System

General Introduction
 Signal:a function of one or more variables that convey
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
Examples: v(t),i(t),x(t),heartbeat, blood pressure,
temperature, vibration.

• One-dimensional signals: function depends on a single

variable, e.g., speech signal

• Multi-dimensional signals: function depends on two or

more variables, e.g., image

Fundamentals of Signals and Systems

 System: an entity or operator that manipulates
one or more signals to accomplish a function,
thereby yielding new signals.

Input signal Output signal

System

• Commonly encountered systems:

communications systems
Automatic speaker recoginition system
Aircraft landing system
.
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems
1. CT and DT signals:

Classification of signals
 For many cases, x[n] is obtained by sampling
x(t) as:
x[n] = x(nT) , n =0,+1,+2,…

Are there any requirements for the sampling?

Classification of signals (cont.)

2.Even and odd signals:
Even:
x(−t) = x(t)
x[−n] = x[n]
Odd:
x(−t) = −x(t)
x[−n] = −x[n]
Any signal x(t) can be expressed as
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t) )
x(−t) = xe(t) − xo(t)
where
xe(t) = 1/2(x(t) + x(−t))
xo(t) = 1/2(x(t) − x(−t))

Classification of signals (cont.)

3. Periodic and non-periodic signals:
 CT signal: if x(t) = x(t + T), then x(t) is periodic.
 Smallest T=Fundamental period: To
 Fundamental frequency fo = 1/To (Hz or cycles/second)
 Angular frequency:  o = 2  /To (rad/seconds)

 DT signal: if x[n] = x[n + N], then x[n] is periodic.

 min(No): fundamental period
 Fo = 1/No (cycles/sample)
  =2  /N (rads/sample). If the unit of n is designated as
dimensionless,
 then is simply in radians.

 Note: A sampled CT periodic signal may not be DT periodic.

Any Condition addition of two periodic CT signals, resultant
must be periodic signal ?

Classification of signals (cont.)

4. Deterministic and random signals.
• Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with respect
to its value at any time
• Completely specified at any time

• Random signal: Uncertain before it occurs. E.g.,

thermal noise.

Classification of signals (cont.)

 Energy and power signals:

• CT signal x(t):


 Energy: E= 

x 2 (t )dt
T
1
 Power: P= lim
T  2T

T
x 2 (t ) dt

Classification of signals (cont.)

• DT signal x[n]:

Energy: E=  x n 

2

Power: 1 N

lim  x 2
n 
N  2 N  1 n  N

Energy signal: if 0 < E <

Power signal: if 0 < P <



Classification of signals (cont.)

Analog Signal and Digital Signal

Classification of signals (cont.)

Basic operations on signals

Basic Operations on Signal

• Rule for time shifting and time scaling:

 See figure below. Find y(t) = x(2t + 3).

Basic Operations on Signal(cont.)

1. Exponential

2-Sinusoidal

Elementary signals
3. Step function

Elementary signals(cont.)
4.Unit impulse function

5.Unit ramp function

Elementary signals(cont.)
System Properties
2.Memory /Memoryless
• Memory system: present output value depend on
future/past input.
• Memoryless system: present output value depend only on present input.
• Example

System Properties(cont.)
System Properties(cont.)
System Properties(cont.)
Invertibility

y(t) x(t)
x(t)
1

H H

System Properties(cont.)
Series(cascade) Interconnection

System 1 System 2
Input
Output

Parallel, Interconnection

System 1
Input Output
+

System 2

Interconnection of systems
•Feedback Interconnection

Input System Output

1

System
2

Interconnection of systems