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Practical Research 2-Writing Background of The Study

The document provides an overview of the key parts and structure of a research paper. It discusses the importance of the introduction in setting the context and problem statement. It then reviews previous related research studies and identifies a gap that the current study aims to address. The document outlines the specific objectives and research questions that will guide the study. It also discusses establishing the scope and limitations of the study. Finally, it provides examples of how to write the statement of the problem based on the research questions and variables.

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Josephine Aya
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116 views50 pages

Practical Research 2-Writing Background of The Study

The document provides an overview of the key parts and structure of a research paper. It discusses the importance of the introduction in setting the context and problem statement. It then reviews previous related research studies and identifies a gap that the current study aims to address. The document outlines the specific objectives and research questions that will guide the study. It also discusses establishing the scope and limitations of the study. Finally, it provides examples of how to write the statement of the problem based on the research questions and variables.

Uploaded by

Josephine Aya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH

2:
Introduction
Writing the Introduction of
the Study
Sample Title:
Attitude of Grade 12 SHS Academic Tracks
Students Towards Speaking in English
PART 1: Setting/Context of the Study
English as the global language has undoubtedly dignified its standing in
global communication essentially targeting both oral and written skills. In
the Philippines however, as observed by the researcher, speaking in English
seems to be very difficult most especially to students in the secondary level.

There are various factors that affect the learning of speaking in English, one
of which is attitude. Attitude is determined by the individual's beliefs about
outcomes or attributes of performing the behaviors (behavioral beliefs),
weighted by evaluations of those outcomes or attributes. The concern on the
learners’ attitudes towards the target language was emphasized by Gardner
(1985). He stated that the learners’ attitudes towards learning another
language play a key role in enhancing and motivating them to learn that
language.
PART 2: Review of Previous
Research
Support Part 1 with findings of previous studies or further expound part 1
using discussions about the problem from related literature.

Kara (2009) as cited by Abidin (2012) stated that attitudes towards learning
besides opinions and beliefs have an obvious influence on students’
behaviors and consequently on their performance. It is argued that those
students who possess positive beliefs about language learning have a
tendency to increase more positive attitudes towards language learning.
Attitude is considered as an essential factor influencing language
performance and received considerable attention from both first and second
and language researchers.
PART 2: Review of Previous
There are many reasons why Research
student's attitude toward language learning is
important. Attitude is one of the factors that influence foreign language
learning because how much effort students put into language learning
depends partly on attitude (Gardner, Lanlonde and Moorcroft, 1985). Thus,
it can be inferred that learners with positive attitude towards speaking
English will be more involved in speaking activities and may try to make
use of more strategies that help them deal with their difficulties in the course
of conversation; and learners with negative attitude will be less willing to
participate in speaking activities. Conversely, negative beliefs may lead to
class anxiety, low cognitive achievement, and negative attitudes (Victori &
Lockhart, 1995). ……
PART 3: Gap of the study
Presents the need for the study and/or the need for more investigation.

E.g. There were many studies conducted on how to determine and evaluate
the English speaking skills of students as their second language particularly
those under the Basic Education, however, there were only very few
researches exploring the different attitudes of this students that may
probably have an impact in their learning of the language. Thus, the need of
the study and further investigations on the different aspects that may not be
covered in this study in order to help fill the gap of information.
PART 4: Statement of Purpose
Specific Objectives of the Study

E.g. This study looks into the concept of attitude as one of the major
affective factors for success in speaking the English language amongst
students. More specifically, it investigates senior high school students’
attitudes towards speaking in English, taking into consideration their profile
variables such as gender and strand.
PART 5: Significance of the Study
What will be the value of the study?

E.g. Furthermore, in the study concluded by Cabansag (2013) titled “The


Attitudinal Propensity of Students towards strategies in English Language
Learning” it was found out that positive attitude towards English may lead to
awareness of the importance of English and learn it as a compulsory subject.
Attitude concept is considered as an essential component in language
learning. So, a positive attitude should be the umbrella of the language
learning. It is so important to study learner’s personalities. For that reason,
the effective perspective, especially attitude, should be considered in
language research. Thus, this study is conducted in order to give emphasis to
the significance of attitude in learning and speaking of the English
Language to students particularly in high and senior high school.
PART 6: Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Who,What,When,Where,Why and How?

E.g. The focus of the study is to determine the attitude towards speaking in
English of one hundred (100) Grade 12 students under the four (4)
Academic tracks namely : ABM, HUMSS, STEM and TechVoc, of the
International Peace Leadership College. The study was conducted during the
Second semester of A.Y 2020-2021. The researcher have used observation,
pre-interview and a survey questionnaire in order to gather needed from the
respondents.
Research
Questions
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics &
images by Freepik
Write all the questions you want to ask
in order to address the problem you
want to explore in your study.

● Academic Strand
● Gender

PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

You may include other profile if needed/as according to your study.

-Who are your respondents?


Write all the questions you want to ask
in order to address the problem you
want to explore in your study.

● Attitude
1. Do you enjoy speaking English?
2. Do you think its fun to speak in English?
3. Do you feel successful or accomplished when you are able to
speak in English fluently?
4. Do you think that speaking in English is important to you?
For what reason/s?......
After writing all your questions, try to
categorize or group them according to
more specific topics.

● Attitude
1. Negative
2. Positive
Filter the most important questions that
are very significant to what you really
want for your study and in accordance
with your title.

Convert the interrogative questions as


declarative statements.
This will now become a basis for your
indicators that will be used in the
questionnaire/instrument of your study.
Writing the Statement of the
Problem
Statement of the problem
Main Problem: (what you want to know/study)

Specific Problems: how are you going to


address the main Problem?
- inferential question (hypothesis/es)
Basis/Guide

1. TITLE
2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
3. VARIABLES
E.g
Title: Attitude of Grade 12 SHS Academic
Tracks Students Towards Speaking in English

Main Problem: The study aims to determine the


attitude of Grade 12 SHS Academic Tracks
Students Towards Speaking in English.
Specific Problems:
Specifically, the study aims to seek answers to the following questions:

1. Profile of Respondents:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender
1.3 Academic track

2. What is the attitude of the Grade 12 SHS students toward speaking in English in terms of:
2.1 Negative
2.2 Positive

3. What is the relationship/Is there a significant difference in the attitude of G. 12…. If grouped
according to profile?
3.What is the relationship/Is there a significant difference in
the attitude of G. 12…. If grouped according to profile?

HYPOTHESIS- There is no relationship/significant


difference in the attitude of G. 12…if they are grouped
according to profile.
Research Questionnaire
MODULES
Asynchronous- all activities should be answered.
Modules 1-3 covers the Midterm and should be
submitted within the Midterm Week. Modules 4-6
covers the Final term and should be submitted within
the Final Term Week. Synchronous meeting will be
scheduled before the week of the Mid and Final term
for follow-up purposes.
Deadlines of Submission

Students can still pass their requirements even beyond


the set deadline. However, always be aware that every
day/week of delayed submission have corresponding
subtraction of points.

Early submission (before deadline) also has


corresponding fixed additional points.
Quarterly Assessment
Quantitative research output will be the quarterly assessment for
this subject.

Midterm- Chapter 1,2 and 3 (Methodology)

Final- Chapter 3 (Results and Discussion), 4,5 and other parts


(Final Grade)- after bounded research submitted
WHY DO RESEARCH?
As an Under Graduate/SHS Student:

● Graduate and Professional School: Undergraduate researchers are more likely to


move into graduate programs.
● Academic Achievement: Undergraduate researchers demonstrate higher
achievement and are more likely to stay in school.
● Career Goals: Undergraduate research can help you clarify your choice of degree
program, career interests, and post-graduation plans.
● Transferable Skills: Undergraduate research strengthens written and oral
communication, critical thinking, technical skills, and information literacy.
WHY DO RESEARCH?
As an Under Graduate/SHS Student:

● Community: Undergraduate research provides opportunities to


build a learning community with faculty and fellow students.
● Confidence: Undergraduate research builds confidence in your
abilities within the discipline, and improves your overall
perception of the discipline.
HOW TO DO RESEARCH?
General Basic Steps (Guide)
https://libguides.elmira.edu/research
Step 1. Develop a topic
Select a Topic | Develop Research Questions | Identify Keywords | Find Background Information | 
Refine a Topic

Step 2. Locate information


Search Strategies | Books | eBooks | Articles | Videos & Images | Databases | Websites | 
Grey Literature

Step 3. Evaluate and analyze information


Evaluate Sources | Primary vs Secondary | Types of Periodicals

Step 4. Write, organize, and communicate information


Take Notes | Outline the Paper | Incorporate Source Material

Step 5. Cite sources


Avoid Plagiarism | Zotero & MyBib | MLA | APA | Chicago Style | Annotated Bibliographies
1. Empirical – research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.

2. Logical/valid – research is based on valid procedures


and principles.

3. Cyclical – research starts with a problem and ends


with a problem.
4. Analytical – research utilizes proven
analytical procedures in gathering data,
whether historical, descriptive,
experimental, and case study.

5. Critical – research exhibits careful and


precise judgment.
6. Methodical /systematic– research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.

7. Replicability – research design and


procedures are repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
8. Controlled- If the research is not controllable, then it
will not be able to design a particular research report.

9. Rigorous- It should be rigorous because it helps to


follow the procedures to find out the answers related
questions which are relevant and appropriate in nature.
(Exhaustive/accurate)
QUALITIES OF A RESEARCHER
R. Research Oriented
E. Efficient

S. Scientific
E. Effective
A. Active
R. Resourceful
C. Creative
H. Honest
E. Economical

R. Religious
ETHICS IN
RESEARC
H
“High Quality” science requires
ethical practice
Click Research Ethics.docx
01. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

02. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH


QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
seeks to answer questions about why
and how people behave in the way that
they do. It provides in-depth
information about human behaviour.
Sources of Qualitative Data
Although qualitative data is much more general than
quantitative, there are still a number of common techniques for
gathering it. These include:

• Interviews, which may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured;

• Focus groups, which involve multiple participants discussing an issue;

• ‘Postcards’, or small-scale written questionnaires that ask, for example, three or


four focused questions of participants but allow them space to write in their
own words;

• Secondary data, including diaries, written accounts of past events, library


research and company reports; and

• Observations, which may be on site, or under ‘laboratory conditions’, for


example, where participants are asked to role-play a situation to show what
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
“explaining phenomena by collecting
numerical data that are analysed
using mathematically based
methods (in particular statistics).”.
Sources of Quantitative Data
The most common sources of quantitative data include:

• Surveys, whether conducted online, by phone or in person. These


rely on the same questions being asked in the same way to a large
number of people;

• Observations, which may either involve counting the number of


times that a particular phenomenon occurs, such as how often a
particular word is used in interviews, or coding observational data to
translate it into numbers; and

• Secondary data, such as company accounts.


Comparing Qualitative from Qua
ntitative R
esearch Click
Module 1-Research 1.docx
Technical Format

1. Arial-12
2. Double space
3. 1.25x1x1x1 margin
4. APA 2019 format
Sample Titles (GAS/HUMSS)

1. Does Gaming interfere with GPA


2. Sleep Deprivation in High School
Students
3. Teenage Pregnancy Increase
Sample Titles (GAS/HUMSS)

4. How Social Groups Impact SHS


Students Mental Health
5. Superstitious Beliefs Impact on
Technological Education of Students
Sample Titles (ABM)

1. Strategic Management of Online


Sellers in ____________
2. SWOT Analysis
3. Working Reality of SHS Students
Sample Titles (STEM)

1. Comparative Study on Sugar


Contents of Different Soda Brands
2. Natural Antibiotics
3. Recycling ATM
Identify what kind of Quantitative Research
the topics belong:

1. Impact of SEO (Search engine optimization) to SHS academic


performance .
2. What is the link between educational achievement and
economic status?
3. The factors that are responsible for animal behaviour.
4. Relationship of trend, perceptions, and beliefs of young
entrepreneurs to their success.
5. Role of computer technology towards airport security.
6. Parental involvement and academic achievement.
7. The relationship between eyewitness testimony and
memory.
8. The effect of video game playing on academic
motivation of students at a community college.
9. Cyberbullying in high schools impact to Teamplay.
10. The vulnerability level of students to fake news in
SNS.

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