HINDUSTHAN

Educate Ethics Excel

College of Engineering and Technology

Presented by
Mr. P. Arul Selvam
AP/CSE/HICET

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 Relational Algebra

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 Relational Algebra
• A procedural language consisting of a set of operations that take one or two relations
as input and produce a new relation as their result.
• Six basic operators
– select: 
– project: 
– union: 
– set difference: –
– Cartesian product: x
– rename: 

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 Select Operation
• The select operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate.
• Notation:  p (r)
• p is called the selection predicate
• Example: select those tuples of the instructor relation where the instructor is in the
“Physics” department.
– Query

 dept_name=“Physics” (instructor)
– Result

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 Select Operation (Cont.)
• We allow comparisons using
=, , >, . <. 
in the selection predicate.
• We can combine several predicates into a larger predicate by using the connectives:
 (and),  (or),  (not)
• Example: Find the instructors in Physics with a salary greater $90,000, we write:

 dept_name=“Physics”  salary > 90,000 (instructor)

• The select predicate may include comparisons between two attributes.

– Example, find all departments whose name is the same as their building name:
–  dept_name=building (department)

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 Project Operation
• A unary operation that returns its argument relation, with certain attributes left out.
• Notation:

 A1,A2,A3 ….Ak (r)

where A1, A2, …, Ak are attribute names and r is a relation name.

• The result is defined as the relation of k columns obtained by erasing the columns that
are not listed
• Duplicate rows removed from result, since relations are sets

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 Project Operation Example
• Example: eliminate the dept_name attribute of instructor
• Query:

ID, name, salary (instructor)

• Result:

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 Composition of Relational Operations
• The result of a relational-algebra operation is relation and therefore of relational-
algebra operations can be composed together into a relational-algebra expression.
• Consider the query -- Find the names of all instructors in the Physics department.

name( dept_name =“Physics” (instructor))

• Instead of giving the name of a relation as the argument of the projection operation,
we give an expression that evaluates to a relation.

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 Cartesian-Product Operation
• The Cartesian-product operation (denoted by X) allows us to combine information
from any two relations.
• Example: the Cartesian product of the relations instructor and teaches is written as:
instructor X teaches
• We construct a tuple of the result out of each possible pair of tuples: one from the
instructor relation and one from the teaches relation (see next slide)
• Since the instructor ID appears in both relations we distinguish between these attribute
by attaching to the attribute the name of the relation from which the attribute
originally came.
– instructor.ID
– teaches.ID

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 The instructor X teaches table

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 Join Operation
• The Cartesian-Product
instructor X teaches
associates every tuple of instructor with every tuple of teaches.
– Most of the resulting rows have information about instructors who did NOT teach
a particular course.
• To get only those tuples of “instructor X teaches “ that pertain to instructors and the
courses that they taught, we write:

 instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches ))

– We get only those tuples of “instructor X teaches” that pertain to instructors and
the courses that they taught.
• The result of this expression, shown in the next slide

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 Join Operation (Cont.)
• The table corresponding to:

 instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches))

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 Join Operation (Cont.)
• The join operation allows us to combine a select operation and a Cartesian-Product
operation into a single operation.
• Consider relations r (R) and s (S)
• Let “theta” be a predicate on attributes in the schema R “union” S. The join operation
r s is defined as follows:

• Thus

 instructor.id = teaches.id (instructor x teaches ))

• Can equivalently be written as

instructor Instructor.id = teaches.id teaches.

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 Union Operation
• The union operation allows us to combine two relations
• Notation: r  s
• For r  s to be valid.
1. r, s must have the same arity (same number of attributes)
2. The attribute domains must be compatible (example: 2nd
column of r deals with the same type of values as does the
2nd column of s)
• Example: to find all courses taught in the Fall 2017 semester, or in the Spring 2018 semester, or in
both

course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section)) 

course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))

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 Union Operation (Cont.)
• Result of:

course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section)) 

course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))

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 Set-Intersection Operation
• The set-intersection operation allows us to find tuples that are in both the input
relations.
• Notation: r  s
• Assume:
– r, s have the same arity
– attributes of r and s are compatible
• Example: Find the set of all courses taught in both the Fall 2017 and the Spring 2018
semesters.

course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section)) 

course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))
– Result

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 Set Difference Operation
• The set-difference operation allows us to find tuples that are in one relation but are not
in another.
• Notation r – s
• Set differences must be taken between compatible relations.
– r and s must have the same arity
– attribute domains of r and s must be compatible
• Example: to find all courses taught in the Fall 2017 semester, but not in the Spring 2018
semester
course_id ( semester=“Fall” Λ year=2017 (section)) −
course_id ( semester=“Spring” Λ year=2018 (section))

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 The Assignment Operation
• It is convenient at times to write a relational-algebra expression by assigning parts of it
to temporary relation variables.
• The assignment operation is denoted by  and works like assignment in a
programming language.
• Example: Find all instructor in the “Physics” and Music department.

Physics   dept_name=“Physics” (instructor)

Music   dept_name=“Music” (instructor)
Physics  Music
• With the assignment operation, a query can be written as a sequential program
consisting of a series of assignments followed by an expression whose value is
displayed as the result of the query.

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 The Rename Operation
• The results of relational-algebra expressions do not have a name that we can use to
refer to them. The rename operator,  , is provided for that purpose
• The expression:

x (E)
returns the result of expression E under the name x
• Another form of the rename operation:

x(A1,A2, .. An) (E)

• ρ MaleStudent(Sno, Name) πRollNo, SName(σCondition(Student))

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 Thank
you
19CS4201 / Java Programming 20
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