Control Engineering

INTRODUCTION TO
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Control engineering is based on the foundations of feedback
theory and linear system analysis, and it generates the concepts
of network theory and communication theory. Accordingly,
control engineering is not limited to any engineering discipline
but is applicable to aeronautical, chemical, mechanical,
environmental, civil, and electrical engineering.A control
system is an interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired system response. The
basis for analysis of a system is the foundation provided by
linear system, which assumes a causeeffect relationship for the
components of a system..

EXAMPLE
SYSTEM
In most systems there will be an input

and an output. This block diagram
represents that. Signals flow from the
input, through the system and produce an
output.

Consider a car's cruise control, which is a
device designed to maintain vehicle
speed at a
constant desired or reference speed
provided by the driver. The controller is
the cruise control, the plant is the car, and
the system is the car and the cruise
control. The system output is the car's
speed, and the control itself is the
engine's throttle position which
determines how much power the engine
generates.

A primitive way to implement cruise control is simply to lock the throttle position when
the driver engages cruise control. However, if the cruise control is engaged on a stretch
of flat road, then the car will travel slower going uphill and faster when going downhill.
This type of controller is called an open-loop controller because no measurement of
the system output (the car's speed) is used to alter the control (the throttle position.)
As a result, the controller can not compensate for changes acting on the car, like a
change in the slope of the road.

In a closed-loop control system, a sensor monitors the
system output (the car's speed) and feeds the data to a
controller which adjusts the control (the throttle
position) as necessary to maintain the desired system
output (match the car's speed to the reference speed.)
Now when the car goes uphill the decrease in speed is
measured, and the throttle position changed to increase
engine power, speeding the vehicle. Feedback from
measuring the car's speed has allowed the controller to
dynamically compensate for changes to the car's speed. It
is from this feedback that the paradigm of the
control loop arises:
the control affects the system output,
which in turn is measured and looped back to alter the
control

CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROL SYSTEMS
Depending on whether a human body
(the operator) is physically involved in
the control system, they are divided
into
Manual Control
Automatic Control.

MANUAL CONTROL

Manual Control
System
• Control performed by a person, without
making use of automated systems. For instance
the performance of a review of a proposed
journal entry posting.
•Is basically human control which we have to
personally set up the desire output.
• As example To keep constant the temperature
of water discharged from an industrial gas-
fired heater, an operator will have to watch a
temperature gauge and adjust a fuel gas valve
accordingly (Figure 1)
EXAMPLE

Functions of a Control System
This system need operator to control the

system, and the operator must use 5 sense and
knowledge with help on below:
• MEASUREMENT
• COMPARISON
• COMPUTATION/JUDGEMENT
• CORRECTION

The advantage of this system is:
-the operator will always alert and can make
quick action.
The manual operation has obvious disadvantages

: -the accuracy of operator is needed
-the continuous involvement of operators

AUTOMATIC CONTROL

Automatic Control System
• Is a system which produce the output

without using human as the operator
• By setting up the value on device e.g.
controller, the output will be produce by
following the given value
• For example, To relieve our operator from
the tedious task of manual control, we
should automate the control loop. .

EXAMPLE
PID CONTROL

-Install an electronic temperature measurement
device.
-Automate the gas valve by adding an actuator
(and perhaps a positioner) to it so that it can be
driven electronically.
-Install a controller (in this case a PID controller),
and connect it to the electronic temperature
measurement and the automated control valve.

Hardware of a Control System
• SENSOR - to measure system variables

• CONTROLLER - to perform the functions
of comparison and computation
• CONTROL ELEMENT - to perform the
control action or to exert direct influence on
the process

Software of a Control System
Controlled Variable - This is the basic

process value being regulated by the system
Set point - This the predetermined desired

value for the controlled variable

CONCLUSION

Control is concept of understanding and controlling segments of their
environment, while Systems is to provide useful economic products for
society.

Goals of understanding and controlling are complementary because
effective
systems control requires the systems to be understood and modeled such
as traffic control systems, chemical processes, and robotic systems.

Thus the most characteristic quality of control engineering is the
opportunity to control
machines and industrial and economic processes for the benefit of society
by developing or creating something which is useful and making the live
everyday easier.

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Control Engineering

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INTRODUCTION TO

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

In most systems there will be an input

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

This system need operator to control the

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

The manual operation has obvious disadvantages

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

• Is a system which produce the output

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

• SENSOR - to measure system variables

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

Controlled Variable - This is the basic

Set point - This the predetermined desired

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL

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