Two position control

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 
Introduction
 Continuous and discontinuous controllers

 In continuous controllers, the manipulated variable can assume

any value within the controller output range. The characteristic
of continuous controllers usually exhibits proportional (P),
integral (I) or differential (D) action, or is a sum of these
individual elements .
Continuous and discontinuous controllers

 Discontinuous controllers are also frequently called switching

controllers.The manipulated variable in discontinuous
controllers assumes only a few discrete values, so that energy
or mass supply to the system can be changed only in discrete
steps.
 Two position control
 The simplest version of a discontinuous controller is the two-position controller
which, as the name indicates, has only two different output states, for instance 0 and
y-max according to.
 A typical application is temperature control by means of a bimetallic strip (e.g.
irons). The bimetal serves as both measuring and switching element.
 It consists of two metal strips that are welded together, with each strip expanding
 differently when heated.
 If contact is made by bimetal and set point adjuster are touching a current supplies
the hot plate with electricity. If the bimetallic strip is installed near the hot plate, it
heats up as well. When heated up, the bottom material expands more than the top
material.
 This causes the strip to bend upward as the heat increases, and it finally interrupts
the energy supply to the heating coil.
 If thetemperature of the bimetal decreases, the electrical contact is made again,
starting a new heating phase.
 Switching charakteristic of the

Two position control

two-position controller(without
and with differential gap Xdg)
 DIFFERENTIAL GAP
Two position control REDUCES SWITCHING
FREQUENCY
BASIC- TWO
POSITION
CONTROL
 
BASIC- TWO POSITION CONTROL
 In basic two-position control, the controller and the final
control element interact without modification from a
mechanical or thermal source. The result is cyclical operation
of the controlled equipment and a condition in which the
controlled variable cycles back and forth between two values
(the on and off points) and is influenced by the lag in the
system. The controller cannot change the position of the final
control element until the controlled variable reaches one or the
other of the two limits of the differential. For that reason, the
differential is the minimum possible swing of the controlled
variable. Figure below shows a typical heating system cycling
pattern.
BASIC- TWO POSITION Typical Operation of Basic
Two-Position Control.
CONTROL
BASIC- TWO POSITION CONTROL
 The overshoot and undershoot conditions shown in Figure
above are caused by the lag in the system. When the heating
system is energized, it builds up heat which moves into the
space to warm the air, the contents of the space, and the
thermostat. By the time the thermostat temperature reaches the
off point (e.g., 72F), the room air is already warmer than that
temperature. When the thermostat shuts off the heat, the
heating system dissipates its stored heat to heat the space even
more, causing overshoot. Undershoot is the same process in
reverse.
 BASIC- TWO POSITION
CONTROL
 In basic two-position control, the presence of lag causes the
controller to correct a condition that has already passed rather
than one that is taking place or is about to take place.
Consequently, basic two-position control is best used in
systems with minimal total system lag (including transfer,
measuring, and final control element lags) and where close
control is not required.
BASIC- TWO POSITION Basic Two-Position Control
Loop
CONTROL
BASIC- TWO POSITION CONTROL
 Figure above shows a sample control loop for basic two-
position control: a thermostat turning a furnace burner on or
off in response to space temperature. Because the thermostat
cannot catch up with fluctuations in temperature, overshoot
and undershoot enable the temperature to vary, sometimes
considerably. Certain industrial processes and auxiliary
processes in air conditioning have small system lags and can
use two-position control satisfactorily.
Timed – Two Position
Control
 
Timed – Two Position
Control
 anticipates requirements and delivers measured
quantities of heating or cooling on a percentage on-time basis
to reduce control point fluctuations. The timing is accomplished
by a heat anticipator in electric controls and by a timer in
electronic and digital controls.

 In timed two-position control, the basic interaction between

the controller and the final control element is the same as for
basic two-position control. However, the controller responds
to gradual changes in the average value of the controlled
variable rather than to cyclical fluctuations.

 Overshoot and undershoot are reduced or eliminated because

the heat anticipation or time proportioning feature results in a
faster cycling rate of the mechanical equipment. The result is
closer control of the variable than is possible in basic twoposition
Control
Timed – Two Position Comparison of Basic Two-
Position and Timed

Control Two-Position Control.

 Timed – Two Position
Control
HEAT ANTICIPATION TIME PROPORTIONING
 Timed – Two Position
Control
 In electromechanical control, timed two-position control can be achieved
by adding a heat anticipator to a bimetal sensing element. In a heating
system, the heat anticipator is connected so that it energizes whenever the
bimetal element calls for heat. On a drop in temperature, the sensing
element acts to turn onboth the heating system and the heat anticipator.

 The heat anticipator heats the bimetal element to its off point early and
deenergizes the heating system and the heat anticipator. As the ambient
temperature falls, the time required for the bimetal element to heat to the
off point increases, and the cooling time decreases. Thus, the heat
anticipator automatically changes the ratio of on time to off time as a
function of ambient temperature. Because the heat is supplied to the sensor
only, the heat anticipation feature lowers the control point as the heat
requirement increases.
 Timed – Two Position
Control
Time proportioning control provides more effective twoposition
control than heat anticipation control and is available
with some electromechanical thermostats and in electronic and
microprocessor-based controllers. Heat is introduced into the
space using on/off cycles based on the actual heat load on the
building and programmable time cycle settings. This method
reduces large temperature swings caused by a large total lag
and achieves a more even flow of heat.
In electromechanical thermostats, the cycle rate is adjustable
by adjusting the heater. In electronic and digital systems, the
total cycle time and the minimum on and off times of the
controller are programmable.
Two-position feedback
controller
 
 Two-position feedback
controller
 Should the displacement of the controlled variable, be tolerable, the
differential gap can be reduced.
 This causes the switching frequency to increase, thus exposing the
contacts to more wear.
 Two-position feedback controller is often better suited to controlling
sluggish higher-order systems.
 In a two position feedback temperature controller, an additional
internal heating coil heats up the bimetallic strip when the controller
is switched on, thus causing a premature interruption of energy
supply.
 If properly adjusted, this measure results in a less irregular amplitude
of the controlled variable at an acceptable switching frequency.
 conclusion
 The simplest version of a discontinuous controller known as a on-off control
 Two-position control can be used for simple control loops
 The analog value can be any measured variable including temperature, relative
humidity, pressure, current and liquid levels.
 In discontinuous controllers, the manipulated variable y changes between
discretevalues. Depending on how many different states the manipulated variable
can assume, a distinction is made between two-position, threeposition and
multiposition controllers.
 Compared to continuous controllers, discontinuous controllers operate on very
simple, switching final controlling elements.
 If the system contains energy storing components, the controlled variable responds
continuously, despite the step changes in the manipulated variable.
 If the corresponding time constants are large enough, good control results at small
errors can even be reached with discontinuous controllers and simple control
elements.