Integration Maths 1
So far we have been given functions to differentiate. It is also possible to find out what functions need to
be differentiated to yield the given output. The following set-up explains this:
Input Derivative Output The process of determining
Anti-derivative the integral of a function
is called integrating, or
integration.
The answer we get when
integrating
is called and integral, and
what
is integrated is called
an integrand
It is clear from the table that the answer to the question:” What needs to be differentiated to get is
We say is the anti-derivative or integral of and write . It should be clear from above that
By definition,
Integration Rules
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
𝑥 𝑛 +1
∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ¿
𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 ,𝑛 ≠ −1 ¿
Determine the following integrals.
Solution
2.
Solution
3.
Solution: We know from that
U-substitution:
Sometimes we need to use the u-substitution to determine the integral:
Solution
Let
𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑢4
Let
1 𝑑𝑢
9 𝑑𝑥 𝑢5
U-substitution versus
Compare:
Solution
Let
𝑛+1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑛 [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )]
+𝑐
𝑛+1
2.
Let 2.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑛
U-substitution versus
1
dx
3.∫
Let . Then
dx
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ]𝑛
¿
𝑑𝑢
𝑢−5
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥¿¿
Integration of Trigonometric functions: If you want to use u-substitution, let
Rules
3.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
4.
Examples: Determine
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥)]
𝑛
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 5.
2.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Integration of Trigonometric functions: If you want to use u-substitution, let
Rules
cos+c
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
2.
Let . Then
Determine:
cos+c 1 𝑑𝑢 −
1
2
6 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 1
1 𝑑𝑢
− 1 −2 1
1 ¿∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑢 du= √ 𝑢+𝑐
2
3 6 𝑑𝑥 6 3
𝑥 cos+c
𝑓 ′(𝑥) −
1
2
[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ]
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
Rules
1. . Then
If you want to use :
𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
4. . Let Then
If you want to use
1
′
𝑓 (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ]
−
2
5.
Integrals involving exponential and logarithmic functions
4. . Let Then
5. .
Alternative solution
6.
Definite integrals
If .
Examples
1. [
2. ln2)
3. [0.96251 0.57853]=0.013
Application of integration: Area between curves
Definition:
If positive .
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑏
𝐴=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
If positive .
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
𝐴=−∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
Area between two curves: Examples
Determine the area between the curve and the positive
1. , ]
Solution
((
−𝜋 𝜋
2. , Firstly, determine the point of intersection:
To determine the shaded area, one can imagine it to be made up of vertical or horizontal rectangles
2
𝑦 𝑦 =3 𝑥 Horizontal representative rectangle:
𝑦 =𝑥
y Vertical representative rectangle:
∆𝑥 𝑥
Area between two curves: Examples
3.
Remember you use normal methods of drawing a parabola in order to draw . To draw , note that Use
coordinates: The independent variables are in red.
-2 0 1 2 5 2 1 2 5
9 4 1 0 1 0 1 2
𝑦 Horizontal representative rectangle:
𝑦 =¿
𝑦 =√ 𝑥 −1
Vertical representative rectangle:
∆𝑦
∆𝑥
𝑥
Area between two curves: Examples
4. To determine the shaded area, one can imagine it to be made up of vertical or horizontal rectangles
𝑦 =𝑥2 Vertical Representative rectangle:
Horizontal representative rectangle:
𝑦 =4 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Note:
Numerical integration: Simpson’s Rule
pC
2+
[2A
𝑎 𝑏
Shaded area 𝑝 ( 𝑎) + 4 𝑝 ( 𝑎+𝑏
2 )
+𝑝 ( 𝑏 )
[2A(
[2A
But
)
Simpson’s Rule
pC
𝑎 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) Suppose an interval [a,b] under a function into 2 sub-
intervals [
The region under the curve within the interval [a,b] can
be estimated by a relevant parabola.
2 sub-intervals
]
]
𝑥0 𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥32
𝑥4
𝑎 𝑏
h h h h
4 sub-intervals
]
Simpson’s Rule: Division of [a,b] into sub-intervals
1., 4 subintervals:
A B C
0 0
0.5590 0.559
2.7042 2.7042
4.47213 4.47213
Or [1st plus last + 4(odd) +2(even)] =
Simpson’s Rule: Division of [a,b] into sub-intervals
6 sub-intervals:]
8 sub-intervals:]
10 sub-intervals:]
Examples
Use Simpson’s Rule to evaluate the integrals for the given subintervals:
2.
Solution A (1st and last) B (Odd valued C (Even valued)
