Compiler Design

Lecture 1: Introduction to Compilers

Prerequisites
 Computer Architecture
 Analysis and Design of Algorithms
 Concepts of Programming Languages
 Theory of Computation

A little refreshment for those courses would help you

progress well in our course 

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Course Information
 Lecture
 Office Hours
 Grading Criteria

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Lectures
Dr. Zeinab Abd El Haliem
([email protected])
 Lecture (2 hrs/week)
 Tuesday 2:30 – 4:30
 Theoretical and Scientific Background
 Office Hours
 Tuesday 10:30 – 12:30

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Course Grading
Total score 100 degrees
Category Total
Final exam 25
Midterm 20
Lecture Contribution 5
Quizzes 15 (3) Percentages are
subject to changes
Assignments 10 (2)
depending on
Lab Tasks 5 circumstances at the
Project 20 (2) time

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Course Objectives
 Develop a fundamental understanding of the
issues that arise in program translation.
 including syntax analysis, translation, and basics of
program optimization
 Learn the Science behind building up a Compiler

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 Course Learning Objectives
 Studythe basic concepts, theories and principles for writing
compilers
 Build lexical analyzer, scanner, starting from regular expression
 Get students acquainted with programming language’s definition
(Syntax and Semantics)
 Identify
and describe syntax of programming language by
Context-Free Grammars
 Implement Techniques for Efficient Parsing
 Writesyntax-directed translation schemes of Language
constructs
 Learn optimization methods for better performance, maximum
execution, efficiency and Minimum code size
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Suggested Books

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Course Outline
 Lexical analysis
 Syntax analysis
 Top-down parsing
 Bottom-up parsing
 Semantic analysis
 Runtime environment
 Code generation

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Lecture Agenda
 Introduction to Compilers Theory
 Language Processing System
 Programs related to A Compiler
 Compiler versus Interpreter

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Introduction to Compilers Theory

CSCI415 | Compiler Design Lecture 1

High-level versus low-level
languages

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What’s a compiler?

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Execution process of C Program

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Language Processing System

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Language Processing System
Source Program

Pre-processor
Pre-processed code

Compiler
Target assembly code

Assembler
Relocatable machine code
Library Files/
Relocatable Linker
modules
Executable machine code

Loader

Target Machine Code

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1. Preprocessors
Source Program

 Delete comments, include other

Pre-processor
files, and perform macro
Compiler substitutions.
 Requiredby a language (as in C)
Assembler
or can be later add-ons that
Linker provide additional facilities

Loader

Target Machine Code

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2. Compiler
Source Program

A compiler translates the input

Pre-processor
pre-processed code and
Compiler generate assembly language as
its target language.
Assembler
 It reveals any bugs or errors.
Linker  Itoutputs target assembly
code.
Loader

Target Machine Code

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3. Assemblers
Source Program

 Anassembler translates assembly

Pre-processor
language programs into machine
Compiler code.
 The output of an assembler is
Assembler
called an object file, which contains
a combination of machine
Linker
instructions as well as the data
Loader
required to place these instructions
in memory.
Target Machine Code
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4. Linkers
Source Program

Pre-processor

Compiler
 Linker is a computer program that links and
merges various object files together in order to
Assembler make an executable file.
 It searches and locates referenced
Linker module/routines in a program and determines
the memory location where these codes will be
Loader loaded, making the program instruction to have
absolute references.
Target Machine Code
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5. Loaders
Source Program

A part of an operating system that

Pre-processor
is responsible for loading
Compiler programs and libraries.
 It calculates the size of a program
Assembler
(instructions and data) and creates
Linker memory space for it.
 Itinitializes various registers to
Loader
initiate execution.
Target Machine Code
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Programs related to a Compiler

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Other Programs: Editors
 Compiler have been bundled together with
editor and other programs into an integrated
development environment (IDE)
 Oriented towards the format or structure of
the programming language, called structure-
based
 May include some operations of a compiler
like reporting about some errors.

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Other Programs: Debuggers
 Used to determine execution error in a compiled
program
 Keeps track of most or all the source code
information
 Halt execution at pre-specified locations called
breakpoints
 Must be supplied with appropriate symbolic
information by the compiler

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Other Programs: Profiles
 Collect statistics on the behavior of an object
program during execution
 Called Times for each procedures
 Percentage of execution time
 Used to improve the execution speed of the
program

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Compiler versus Interpreter

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Compilers Vs Interpreters

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 Interpreter Compiler
Translates a program one Scans the entire program and
statement at a time translates it into machine code

Interpreters usually take less Compilers usually take a large

amount of time to analyze the amount of time to analyze the
source code. However, the overall source code. However, the overall
execution time is comparatively execution time is comparatively
slower than compilers faster than interpreters

No intermediate object code is Generates intermediate object

generated, hence are memory code which further requires linking,
efficient hence requires more memory
Programming languages like
Programming languages like C, C++,
JavaScript, Python, Ruby use
Java use compilers
interpreters

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Next Lecture

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See you next lecture

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Copyright. Vaidehi Joshi,
CSCI415 | Compiler DesignA Deeper Inspection Into Compilation
Lecture And
1 Interpretation. 37
Copyright. Vaidehi Joshi,
CSCI415 | Compiler DesignA Deeper Inspection Into Compilation
Lecture And
1 Interpretation. 38
Copyright. Vaidehi Joshi,
CSCI415 | Compiler DesignA Deeper Inspection Into Compilation
Lecture And
1 Interpretation. 39
Copyright. Vaidehi Joshi,
CSCI415 | Compiler DesignA Deeper Inspection Into Compilation
Lecture And
1 Interpretation. 40
Copyright. Vaidehi Joshi,
CSCI415 | Compiler DesignA Deeper Inspection Into Compilation
Lecture And
1 Interpretation. 41