Lecture 10: Distributed Graph

Algorithms

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Distributed Graph Algorithms
• Network graph
• Every is a processor
• Unique identifier
• Knows neighbors
• Synchronous rounds:
1. Send messages to neighbors
2. Receive messages from neighbors
3. Transition to next state
Main Question
• What can we do with local knowledge?

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Distributed Network Models
LOCAL model:
#rounds or
Distributed Network Models
CONGEST model: Example:
#bits / round Neighbors = bits
Today
LOCAL algorithms:
• Cole-Vishkin 3-coloring algorithm for trees
• Extension to general graphs
• Lower bound for 3-coloring a path
• Luby’s algorithm for maximal independent set
• Reduction from coloring
• Reduction from maximal matching

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The LOCAL Model
• What is “trivial”?

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Distributed Coloring

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Cole-Vishkin Coloring Algorithm
• Assume is a rooted tree:

times

• Initially: “colors”
• One step of Cole-Vishkin: colors colors

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Color Reduction
• Initial colors
• For each (in parallel): 𝑐 ( 𝑢 )=1010100011
• Announce
• Receive where ’s parent 𝑐 ( 𝑣 ) =1010 0 00011
• Examine in binary:
• Find rightmost index where
colors colors
• For the root:
• Why is this a valid coloring?

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Color Reduction
• Initial colors
• For each (in parallel): 𝑐 ( 𝑢 )=1010100011
• Announce
• Receive where ’s parent 𝑐 ( 𝑣 ) =1010 0 00011
• Examine in binary:
• Find rightmost index where
colors colors
• For the root:
• Why is this a valid coloring?
• When should we stop?
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Linear Color Reduction
Eliminate one color in one round:
1. Shift colors down Choose new color from

Siblings have same color

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Linear Color Reduction
Eliminate one color in one round:
1. Shift colors down Choose new color from
2. Eliminate color :
If , choose new
color
valid -coloring

Siblings have same color

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Linear Color Reduction
Eliminate one color in one round:
1. Shift colors down Choose new color from
2. Eliminate color :
If , choose new
color
valid -coloring

When should we stop? Siblings have same color

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Coloring Rooted Trees
• Cole-Vishkin: rounds, colors 6 colors
• Linear color reduction: 3 rounds, 6 colors 3 colors

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Coloring Arbitrary Graphs
• What can we hope for?
• Computing the chromatic number : NP-hard
• Brook’s Theorem: (except clique or odd cycle)
• Greedy algorithm: colors

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Coloring Arbitrary Graphs
1. Partition into rooted forests
2. 3-color all forests in parallel using Cole-Vishkin
3. Merge forests sequentially

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Partitioning Into Rooted Forests
• Each numbers its edges

4 1
1 2
2 3 3
3 2 1
2
3 3
1 2
1

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Partitioning Into Rooted Forests
• Each numbers its edges
• Orient each edge from smaller ID to larger ID

4 1
1 2
2 3 3
3 2 1
2
3 3
1 2
1

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Partitioning Into Rooted Forests
• Each numbers its edges
• Orient each edge from smaller ID to larger ID

4 1
1 2
2 3 3
3 2 2 1

3 3
1 2
1

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Partitioning Into Rooted Forests
• Each numbers its edges
• Orient each edge from smaller ID to larger ID
• Forest = outgoing edges numbered

4 1
1 2
2 3 3
3 2 2 1

3 3
1 2
1

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Partitioning Into Rooted Forests
4
• Each numbers its edges
• Orient each edge from smaller ID to larger ID
• Forest = outgoing edges numbered

1 3
2 3

3
2
1

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Step 2: Apply Cole-Vishkin
4
• 3-color each forest

1 3
2 3

3
2
1

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Step 2: Apply Cole-Vishkin
4
• 3-color each forest

1 3
2 3

3
2
1

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Step 3: Merge
4
• Sequentially merge + recolor each tree

1 3
2 3

3
2
1

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One Merging Step:
• Ingredients:
• is -colored
• is -colored

1
2

2
1

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One Merging Step:
• Ingredients:
is a valid
• : valid coloring for
-coloring for
• : valid coloring for
Reduce to colors

1
2

2
1

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Color Reduction (Again)
• Before:
• Rooted tree
• Down to 3 colors
• Now:
• Arbitrary graph
• Down to colors

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Color Reduction (Again)
• Start with coloring where
• Create coloring :
• If , set
• If , set to some free color in
• Why is valid?

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The Entire Algorithm
1. Partition into forests
2. In parallel: color each using Cole-Vishkin
3. For each :
• Merge into :
• Start from “product coloring”
• Reduce to colors

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Lower Bound for Coloring
• Linial ‘92: 3-coloring the ring requires rounds
• We’ll show it for paths

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Normal Form
• What does a LOCAL algorithm do on a path?

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Coloring Functions
• -ary -coloring:
• Mapping
• For any :

• -round 3-coloring algorithm -ary -coloring

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Lower Bound Outline
1. There is no -ary -coloring with .
2. If there is a -ary -coloring, then there is a -ary -coloring.

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1-Ary Colorings
• -ary -coloring:
• Mapping
• For any :

• Fix , where

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Round Reduction
• Fix
• Construct :

• Is this valid?
• Suppose not:
• Let
• Then
• So
• Contradiction to the validity of

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Luby’s MIS Algorithm

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Maximal Independent Set (MIS)
• Independent set: , such that

• Maximal independent set:

• Sequential algorithm:

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Luby’s Algorithm
Initially:
• , all nodes are active
Repeat “until done”: in parallel for all ,
• Select
• Send to all neighbors
• If for all :
• Add to
• Announce to all neighbors
• If has neighbor : inactivate
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Basic Fact
• When :

• So, for any active :

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How Does Luby Make Progress?

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Expected Running Time
• kills : if 𝑤

𝑢 𝑣
• Problem with this approach?

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Expected Running Time
• single-handedly kills : 𝑤
if
𝑢 𝑣

• s.h.-killed at most twice

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Number of S.H.-Killing Events

1
deg ( 𝑢 ) +deg ( 𝑤 )

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Expected Running Time
• Let #edges after round

•…

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Reduction from -Coloring to MIS
• What is a “reduction” from to ?
• Given efficient algorithm for
• Construct efficient’ algorithm for
• We want:
• Given local algorithm for MIS
• Construct local’ algorithm for -coloring

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Reduction from -Coloring to MIS
𝑣
𝑣

Simulate MIS
Vertex Clique: algorithm

What do to with
the output?
𝑢 𝑣
𝑢 𝑣

Edge Bi-clique:

Real graph Fake graph 48

Output:
• In every “node clique”, at least one color MIS Color()=unique color in ’s
clique in the MIS
𝑢

≤Δ

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Reduction from Maximal Matching to MIS
• Claim: MIS in the line graph = maximal matching
• Line graph :
• Vertices:
• Edges: share an endpoint
• If is an MIS for :
• is a matching: share endpoint neighbors
in
• is maximal: some neighbor

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END (LOCAL MODEL)

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