Integration

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 Prior Knowledge Check
1) Simplify these expressions: 3) Sketch the curves with the
following equations:
a) 𝟓
𝟐
b) 𝟑
𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐

a)
c) d)
𝟓 𝟑
𝒙 −√ 𝒙
𝟐 −
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
2) Find when equals: 𝒙 +𝟒 𝒙
−𝟑
b)
a) b)
𝟓
c) 𝟔 𝒙d)
𝟐
+𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏
−𝟓 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 − − 𝟑 𝒙
𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
Teachings for
Exercise 13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation.
Differentiating Integrating

 Lets think about the process Function Function

forwards and backwards…

y  x2
Multiply by the Divide by the
dy power new power
 2x
dx
So integrating 2x
y  x2  5 should give us x2, but Reduce the Increase the
we will be unsure as to power by 1 power by 1
dy
 2x whether there is a
dx constant, and what it
might be…
Gradient Gradient
y  x2 - 7 Function Function
dy
 2x
dx What if we had to integrate 2x?
13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process Mathematically speaking…
of differentiation.
If , then
Integrating

Function

Divide by the The power has been increased

The represents the
power by 1, then we divide by it
fact there could be a
constant. You must
Increase the include it.
power by 1

If , then
Gradient
Function

This is exactly the same, just

with Lagrange’s notation

13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation. Example Questions
Integrate the following:
dy
 Remember to use the correct a)  x4 Increase the power
notation dx by one, and divide by
the new power
x5
 If you are given , then use once y c DO NOT FORGET TO

you have integrated

5 ADD C!

 If you are given , then use once

you have integrated dy
b)  x 5 Increase the power
dx by one, and divide by
the new power
x 4
y c DO NOT FORGET TO
4 ADD C!

1
y   x 4  c
4
13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
Example Question
of differentiation.
Integrate the following:
1
 Remember to use the correct dy
notation  6 x  2 x 3  3 x 2
dx Integrate
3 each part
 If you are given , then use once 6x 2
2x 2
3x 2 separately
you have integrated y  
2 2 3 Simplify
2
terms if
 If you are given , then use once 3 possible
you have integrated 2
y  3x  x 2
 2x 2 c

13A/B
 Integration

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation.

You also need to recognise and use

the proper notation for integration.
Equals the original
function, plus a
The integral of… constant
The symbol ∫ is used for this.

If you have several terms to The gradient With respect to

integrate, you can do them all function (in this (basically you will
separately (like with case) integrate the x
differentiation) terms)

13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation. Example Question
Find:

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐  (
1
x
2
 2 x 3
) dx
Integrate
each part
3
separately
x 2 2 x4
  c
3 4
2
Simplify the
fractions
2 32
 x  1 x4  c
3 2

13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
Example Question
of differentiation.
Find:

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐   6) dt
(4t 2

Integrate
each part
separately
4t 3  6t  c

3

13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation. Example Question
Find:

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐  (3 x 2
 px 2
 q 2
) dx
Integrate
each part
separately
3x3 px 1
   q2 x
3 1 Simplify the
fractions

 x 3  px 1  q 2 x  c

p and q2 should be treated as if

they were just numbers!

13A/B
 Integration
Integration is the reverse process
of differentiation. Example Question
Find:

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 ∫ ( 4 𝑥2+ √

𝑥+5
𝑥2 )
𝑑𝑥
Split up the
fraction

 If you have to rewrite any terms,

you should do that before
(
¿∫ 4 𝑥 2+ √ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 5
𝑥 ) Rewrite terms as

( ) 𝑑𝑥
3 powers
integrating anything −
¿∫ 4 𝑥 +𝑥 +5 𝑥
2 2 −2
Now integrate all
1
 What you have done in this
−
+5 𝑥 −1 terms. Don’t forget c
4 𝑥3 + 𝑥 2
¿
section is known as indefinite 3 −
1 − 1 +𝑐
integration (since we do not yet 2 Simplify
know the full answer due to )
4 3 −
1
¿ 𝑥 −2 𝑥 2 −5 𝑥− 1 +𝑐
3
Rewrite
4 3 2 5 again!
¿ 𝑥 − − +𝑐
3 √𝑥 𝑥
13A/B
Teachings for
Exercise 13C
 Integration
You can find the equation of a 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=2 𝑥
function from its gradient Integrate
function, if you are given a point 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2 +𝑐
which it passes through
At this stage, c could be any value. Imagine it was 1, or -5

You have seen previously that 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2 +1 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2 − 5

integrating allows us to find the 𝑦
formula for the original equation,
from the gradient function.
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒙 𝟐 +𝟏

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 𝑥
The issue is, there will be in infinite 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟓
number of curves for this gradient
function…

x=1
For example… Although these curves are different, their gradients are
same for every value of x, which is why they have the same
gradient function
13C
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 Integration
𝑦
You can find the equation of a
function from its gradient
function, if you are given a point
which it passes through

𝑥
If we know a coordinate on the
original line though, we can find the
value of c and hence, the equation
of the original line

In the previous example, we knew that the equation of

the curve is

If we then know a coordinate, we can identify the

exact curve

13C
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 Integration
Example Question
You can find the equation of a
The curve X with equation y = f(x) passes through
function from its gradient 2
function, if you are given a point the point (2,15). Given that: f '( x)  5 x  3 x
which it passes through Find the equation of X.

f '( x)  5 x 2  3 x
If we know a coordinate on the
original line though, we can find the Integrate
value of c and hence, the equation
5 x3 3x 2
f ( x)   c
of the original line 3 2
Sub in (2,15)
3 2
5(2) 3(2)
15   c
3 2 Work out each
40 12 fraction
5 x3 3x 2 1 15   c
f ( x)   4 3 2 Add the fractions
3 2 3 1 together
15  19  c
3
Work out c
1
c 4
3

13C
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 Integration
Example Question
You can find the equation of a The curve X with equation y = f(x) passes through
function from its gradient the point (4,5). Given that:
function, if you are given a point x2  2
which it passes through f '( x) 
x

If we know a coordinate on the Find the equation of X.

original line though, we can find the x2  2
value of c and hence, the equation f '( x) 
of the original line x Split into 2
parts
x2 2
f '( x )  
x x Write in the
3 1
form axn

f '( x )  x  2x
2 2

5 1
Integrate
x 2
2x 2
f ( x)   +c
5 1
2 2
5 1 Rewrite
2
f ( x)  x  4x + c
2 2
5 13C
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑓 ( 𝑥)+𝑐 Integration
Example Question
You can find the equation of a The curve X with equation y = f(x) passes through
function from its gradient the point (4,5). Given that:
function, if you are given a point x2  2
which it passes through f '( x) 
x

If we know a coordinate on the Find the equation of X.

original line though, we can find the 2 52 1
value of c and hence, the equation f ( x)  x  4x 2 + c
of the original line 5 Rewrite for
2 substitution
 
5
f ( x)  x  4 x +c
5
y = 5, x = 4
2
 
5
5 4  4 4 +c
1 5 Work out each
2 52 +1 part carefully
f ( x )  x  4x 2 5
5 5  12.8  8 + c
Calculate c
1
=𝑐
5

13C
Teachings for
Exercise 13D
 Integration
2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: ∫ 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
You can calculate the value of an
integral between two limits. This 1 Integrate the function and
is called a definite integral. write using a squared
bracket
3 2
¿[𝑥 ]1
Substitute 2 and 1 into
the function separately,
 An indefinite integral gives you a
and subtract
function, whereas a definite ¿ ( 2 )3 − ( 1 )3
integral gives you a final value
Calculate

¿7
 In this section you will see how to
calculate a definite integral
Note that when calculating a definite
 Next lesson you will see what this integral, you do not need to include c!
is for!
 If you did, you would only end up
with c – c in the 3rd stage above…

13D
 Integration
( )
1 1 2
You can calculate the value of an
integral between two limits. This 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 :∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 3

0 Square the bracket

is called a definite integral.
(keep the integral
notation)
( )
1 2 1

 So the three steps are: ¿∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 3 3

0
Integrate and write

[ ]
5 4 1 using squared
𝑏 brackets
𝑥 2𝑥
3 3
1) Write the integral
with its limits
∫ … … 𝑑𝑥 ¿
5
−
4
+𝑥
𝑎
3 3 0 Rewrite

[ ]
5 4 1
2) Integrate the 3 3 3 3
function and write [ … … ] 𝑏𝑎 ¿ 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑥 Sub in 1
using square brackets
5 2 0 and 0

( )( )
5 4 5 4
3 3 3 3
3) Evaluate the ¿ 5
(1) − ( 1 ) +(1) − (0) − ( 0 ) 3 +(0)
3
2
3
5
3
2
definite integral by ( … ) −(…)
calculating Calculate
1
¿
10
13D
 Integration
5

You can calculate the value of an

∫ ( 2 𝑃𝑥+7 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 Integrate and
integral between two limits. This use a squared

[ ]
is called a definite integral. 2 5 bracket
2𝑃 𝑥
¿ +7 𝑥
2 1
Given that is a constant and , show Simplify
that there are two possible values 5
¿ [ 𝑃 𝑥 +7 𝑥 ] 1
2
for P, and find what they are.
Sub in the values
and subtract
¿ ( 𝑃 (5 )2 +7 ( 5 ) ) − ( 𝑃 ( 1 ) 2 +7 ( 1 ) )
Simplify
¿ 24 𝑃 +28

4 𝑃 2=24 𝑃+28
Rearrange
4 𝑃 2 − 24 𝑃 − 28=0
Divide by 4
2
𝑃 − 6 𝑃 − 7=0
Factorise
( 𝑃 +1 )( 𝑃 −7 )=0
Calculate answers
𝑃=− 1𝑜𝑟 7
13D
Teachings for
Exercise 13E
 Integration 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 , 𝑓 (𝑥+𝛿 𝑥)

Definite integration can be used to find

𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥)
areas under curves

We are trying to find a formula for the 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝒇 (𝒙) 𝛿𝐴 𝒇 (𝒙+𝜹 𝒙)

area between a curve and the x-axis, up to
a value of x which has been decided 𝐴

On the graph to the right, let A be the 𝑥 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥

area between the curve and the x-axis, up
to a value x.
𝜹𝒙

If we add a small increase to x, it will add

a small increase to the area
𝛿 𝐴≥ 𝑓 (𝑥)× 𝛿 𝑥 𝛿 𝐴≤ 𝑓 (𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥)× 𝛿 𝑥

We can write expressions for the

coordinates on the line
𝑓 ( 𝑥)× 𝛿 𝑥 ≤ 𝛿 𝐴≤ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 +𝛿 𝑥)× 𝛿 𝑥
The increase in area will be somewhere
between the areas of two different 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝛿 𝑥 ≤ 𝛿 𝐴 ≤ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥) 𝛿 𝑥
rectangles, as shown…
13E
 Integration 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥 , 𝑓 (𝑥+𝛿 𝑥)

Definite integration can be used to find

𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥)
areas under curves

So now we have established that the area

𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝛿𝐴
is somewhere in the interval below, which
can be manipulated. 𝐴

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥 ≤ 𝛿 𝐴 ≤ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥 ) 𝛿 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+𝛿 𝑥
Divide by
𝛿𝐴
𝑓 (𝑥 )≤ ≤ 𝑓 ( 𝑥+ 𝛿 𝑥)
𝛿𝑥 As, the notation changes to
(to indicate that tending to 0
has happened)
𝑑𝐴
𝑓 (𝑥 )≤ ≤ 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
There is only one
logical conclusion here…
𝑑𝐴 If we differentiate with respect to x, we
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥) would get .
𝑑𝑥
Integrate both sides

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
with respect to  Therefore, if we integrate with respect
to x, we get , since differentiating and
integrating are opposite actions
13E
 Integration
Definite integration can be used to
find areas under curves

𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
So far we have shown that the area
between a curve and the x-axis is based
𝐴 𝐴
on integrating the function:

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
However, there is a small issue.

 The area could be infinite, depending

on the shape of the curve.

 The only way we can calculate a

specific value is to find the
difference between the answers for
two values of x, as shown…

13E
 Integration
Definite integration can be used to
find areas under curves

𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
So far we have shown that the area
between a curve and the x-axis is based 𝐴
on integrating the function:

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑏

The letters a and b are

usually used to represent

¿ − the values for x at each

point…

The area between two limits is given when we take the value gained when
integrating and substituting b, and subtract the value gained when subtracting a
13E
 Integration
Definite integration can be used to
find areas under curves

𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
So far we have shown that the area
between a curve and the x-axis is based 𝐴
on integrating the function:

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑏

The area between two limits, and , is

given by:
𝑏

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

13E
 Integration
20
Definite integration can be used to
find areas under curves
𝑏

𝐴=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 -5 4

Find the area of the finite region

between the curve with equation
and the x-axis.
4
𝐴=∫ ( 20 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

−5
Integrate and use a Sub in
 Often a sketch of the graph can help limits and
[ ]
with this kind of question 𝑥2 𝑥3
4 square bracket
¿ 20 𝑥 − − subtract
2 3 −5

 Find the roots, and the y-intercept (if

( )( )
2 3 2 3
(4) (4 ) (−5) (− 5)
needed – often in these questions it is ¿ 20 (4 )− − − 20 (−5)− −
2 3 2 3
not necessary)
243
¿
2 Calculate

13E
 Integration
Definite integration can be used
to find areas under curves

13E
Teachings for
Exercise 13F
 Integration
𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 3)

You need to take care when all or

part of a curve lies under the x-
axis.

0 3
Find the area of the finite region
bounded by the curve and the x
axis.
3
𝐴=∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
Expand the
 Start with a sketch. The roots 3 bracket
are at x = 0 and x = 3 ¿∫ (𝑥 ¿¿ 2− 3 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ¿
0
Integrate and use a

[ ]
3 square bracket
 When you are finding an area 𝑥3 3 𝑥2
¿ −
below the x-axis, the answer will 3 2 0
be negative… Sub in values and
subtract
( )( )
3 2 3 2
(3) 3(3) ( 0) 3( 0)
¿ − − −
3 2 3 2
 So you have to take the Calculate
magnitude of the answer only ¿ − 4.5
The magnitude of the
¿ 4.5 number is the area

13F
 Integration 𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥+ 3)

You need to take care when all or

part of a curve lies under the x-
axis.
-3 0 1
a) Sketch the curve with equation:

b) Find the area of the finite region

bounded by the curve and the x-
axis

 The curve will be a positive cubic

shape, with roots at -3, 0 and 1…

13F
 Integration 𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥+ 3)

You need to take care when all or

part of a curve lies under the x-
axis.
-3 0 𝟕1
a) Sketch the curve with equation: 𝟏𝟐

1
𝐴=∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 −1 ) (𝑥 +3) 𝑑𝑥
b) Find the area of the finite region 0 Expand the
bounded by the curve and the x- 1 brackets
¿∫ ( 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 2
axis
0
Integrate and use a

[ ]
4 3 2 1 square bracket
𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑥
¿ + −
 You need to find each area 4 3 2 0
Sub in
separately – if you do it all values and
together, the negative will merge
( ) ( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
(1) 2 (1) 3 (1) (0) 2(0) 3 (0) subtract
¿ + − − + −
with the positive (we will see this in 4 3 2 4 3 2
a moment…) Calculate
7
¿−
12
We need the
7 magnitude only
¿
12
13F
 Integration 𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥+ 3)

You need to take care when all or 𝟒𝟓

part of a curve lies under the x- 𝟒
axis.
-3 0 𝟕1
a) Sketch the curve with equation: 𝟏𝟐

0
𝐴= ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 −1 ) ( 𝑥+ 3) 𝑑𝑥
b) Find the area of the finite region −3 Expand the brackets, integrate and use a
bounded by the curve and the x- square bracket (you can use the
axis information you have from the previous

[ ]
4 3 2 0
𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑥 integral to speed this up)
¿ + −
4 3 2 −3 Sub in
 You need to find each area values
and
separately – if you do it all
( )( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
( 0) 2(0) 3(0) (−3) 2(−3) 3 (−3) subtract
together, the negative will merge ¿ + − − + −
4 3 2 4 3 2
with the positive (we will see this in
a moment…) 45
Calculate
¿
4

13F
 Integration 𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥+ 3)

You need to take care when all or 𝟒𝟓

part of a curve lies under the x- 𝟒
axis.
-3 0 𝟕1
a) Sketch the curve with equation: 𝟏𝟐

b) Find the area of the finite region

bounded by the curve and the x-
axis 45 7 71
+ ¿
4 12 6

 You need to find each area

separately – if you do it all
together, the negative will merge
with the positive (we will see this in
a moment…)

13F
 𝟕𝟏

Integration
𝟔
𝑦 =𝑥( 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥+ 3)

You need to take care when all or

part of a curve lies under the x-
axis.
-3 0 1
a) Sketch the curve with equation:

1
𝐴=∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 −1 ) ( 𝑥+ 3) 𝑑𝑥
b) Find the area of the finite region −3 Expand the
bounded by the curve and the x- 1 brackets
axis ¿ ∫ ( 𝑥3 +2 𝑥 2 −3 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−3
Integrate and use a Sub in
values and
[ ]
4 3 2 1 square bracket
𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑥 subtract
 Lets see our answer if we ¿ + −
4 3 2 −3
consider the area as a whole
( ) ( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
(1) 2 (1) 3 (1) (−3) 2(− 3) 3 (− 3)
¿ + − − + −
4 3 2 4 3 2
32
¿
3
Calculate
Notice that this answer is different
 The negative area has been subtracted, rather than added on
13F
Teachings for
Exercise 13G
 Integration
You can use definite integration There are 2 ways to find the area between a
together with areas of trapeziums curve and a line (that does not include the x-axis,
and triangles to find the area for example)
between a curve and another line.
y
𝑦2
𝑦1

x
Area under a b Area under

y y
𝑦2
𝑦1 𝑦1

Subtract…

x x
a b a b

13G
 Integration
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area One way is to calculate the integral of y1 between the
between a curve and another line. limits a and b, then subtract the integral of y 2,
between limits a and b…
𝑏 𝑏
y
𝑦2 ∫ 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 −∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 This can be
𝑎 𝑎
𝑦1 combined
into a single
𝑏 integral
¿∫ ( 𝑦 1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
x
a b

With this method, it is very important that you

perform the subtraction the correct way round!

 The limits for both areas need to be the same

for this to work!

13G
 Integration
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area
between a curve and another line. One of the ‘curves’ will often be a straight line

 This will usually make a shape such as a

triangle/trapezium or rectangle
y
𝑦2
 You can work out its area without needing an
𝑦1 integral

 Then find the area under the curved part using

integration, and subtract one from the other…
x
a b

13G
 Integration
y 𝑦 =𝑥
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area x
between a curve and another line. 0 3 4

The diagram shows a sketch of part of 𝑦 =𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 )

the curve with equation:
 First, you need to know the x-coordinates
where the lines cross

 Set the equations equal to each other…

and the line:

𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 )=𝑥
Expand the bracket

Find the area of the region bounded by

4 𝑥 − 𝑥 2=𝑥
the curve and the line. Subtract x from both sides
2
3 𝑥 − 𝑥 =0
Factorise
𝑥 ( 3 − 𝑥 )=0
𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =3
13G
 Integration
y 𝑦 =𝑥
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area x
between a curve and another line. 0 3 4

The diagram shows a sketch of part of 𝑦 =𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 )

the curve with equation:
𝑏 Method 1…
∫ ( 𝑦 1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 Sub in the equations (in this case
3 curve subtract straight line) and
and the line:
¿∫ ( 𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 the limits
0
3 Simplify
¿∫ (3 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

0 Now integrate and use a

Find the area of the region bounded by

[ ]
3 3 square bracket
the curve and the line. 3 𝑥2 𝑥
¿ −
2 3 0
Sub in limits and
subtract

( )( )
2 3 2 3
3(3) (3) 3 (0) (0)
¿ − − −
2 3 2 3 Calculate

¿4.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 13G

 Integration
y
𝑦 =𝑥
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area
x
between a curve and another line. 0 3 4

The diagram shows a sketch of part of 𝑦 =𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 )

the curve with equation:
Method 2…
 Area under the curved line, subtract the triangle…
𝑏
¿∫ 𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
and the line: 𝑎
Expand brackets
3 and include limits
¿∫ ( 4 𝑥 − 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
0
Integrate and use a

[ ]
3 3 square bracket
Find the area of the region bounded by 2 𝑥
the curve and the line. ¿ 2𝑥 −
3 0
Sub in limits and

( )( )
(3)
3
(0)
3 subtract
2 2
¿ 2 (3) − − 2(0) −
3 3
Calculate

¿9𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
13G
 Integration
y
𝑦 =𝑥
You can use definite integration (3,3)
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area
x
between a curve and another line. 0 3 4

The diagram shows a sketch of part of 𝑦 =𝑥 ( 4 − 𝑥 )

the curve with equation:
Method 2…
 Area under the curved line, subtract the triangle…
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ×h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
¿
and the line: 2
Sub in values
3×3
¿
2
Calculate

Find the area of the region bounded by ¿4.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

the curve and the line.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒− 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

¿ 9 − 4.5
¿4.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
13G
 Integration
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums The shaded region OAC will be equal to triangle OBC
and triangles to find the area subtract region ABC…
between a curve and another line.
 We need to know the x-coordinate at B…
The diagram below shows a sketch of part of
the curve with equation:
𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 )=2 𝑥
Expand the bracket
and the line: 𝑥2 −3 𝑥=2 𝑥
Subtract 2x

Find the area of the shaded region OAC.

𝑥2 −5 𝑥=0
Factorise
y
𝑥( 𝑥 − 5)=0
𝑦 =𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 )
C 𝑦 =2 𝑥
(5,10)
𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =5
O A B
x
3 5

13G
 Integration
Area of the triangle OBC
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ×h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
and triangles to find the area ¿
between a curve and another line. 2
Sub in values
5 × 10
¿
The diagram below shows a sketch of part of 2
the curve with equation: Calculate
¿25𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
and the line:

Find the area of the shaded region OAC.

y
𝑦 =𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 )
C 𝑦 =2 𝑥
(5,10)

O A B
x
3 5

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑂𝐵𝐶=25𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 13G
 Integration
Area of the region ABC
You can use definite integration
together with areas of trapeziums  Integrate the curve and use the limits 3 and 5
and triangles to find the area
between a curve and another line. 5
¿∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥
The diagram below shows a sketch of part of
3 Expand the
the curve with equation: bracket
5
¿∫ ( 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

3
Integrate and use a
and the line:
square bracket

[ ]
5
𝑥3 3 𝑥2
¿ −
3 2 3 Sub in limits
Find the area of the shaded region OAC. and subtract

( )( )
3 2 3 2
y (5) 3 (5) (3) 3 (3)
¿ − − −
𝑦 =𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 ) 3 2 3 2
C 𝑦 =2 𝑥 Calculate
(5,10) 26
¿ 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
O A B
x
3 5
26
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶= 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑂𝐵𝐶=25𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 13G
 Integration
You can use definite integration Area of the region ABC
together with areas of trapeziums
and triangles to find the area  Triangle OBC – region ABC
between a curve and another line.
26
The diagram below shows a sketch of part of ¿ 25 −
the curve with equation: 3
1
and the line: ¿ 16 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

Find the area of the shaded region OAC.

y
𝑦 =𝑥 ( 𝑥 −3 )
C 𝑦 =2 𝑥
(5,10)

O A B
x
3 5
26
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶= 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑂𝐵𝐶=25𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 13G