Development

of
visual arts
Group 4:
Angel Mae Cabaltera
Marian Kaye florencio
Jean Macalla
Ira Clark Lampayan
 PREHISTORICAL PAINTING

• This primarily focuses on hunting and shows great variety of systolic

treatment, and sophistication of form, color and line. 

• Focused on animal spear and other rudimentary materials.

• Drawn on caves, stones and on earth-filled ground.

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 Greek art:
- The subject matters of painting in Greece were on young wide males, draped female, wounded
soldiers, and scenes from everyday life.

4 periods of Prehistoric Greek Art: 

• FORMATIVE or PRE-GREEK PERIOD – motif was sea and nature 

• FIRST GREEK PERIOD – largely Egyptian influence 

• GOLDEN AGE (480-400BC) – significant achievements were made in Attic vase painting. 

• HELLENISTIC PERIOD (4TH century – 1st BC) – sculptors pursued and perfected naturalism. An artistic
interest that Greek artists has been developing over hundreds of years. 

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 PREHISTORICAL PAINTING
- The art served the cult of ancestors and defied emperors. 

2 periods of Prehistoric Roman Art: 

• ETRUSACAN PERIOD (2000-1000 BC) – subject matters of painting were on ancestor
worship, catacombs and sarcophagi. 

• ROMAN PERIOD (2000 BC-400AD) – the subject matters of painting were commemorative
statues, sarcophagi, frescoes, and designs with vine motifs.

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 MEDIEVAL ART
3 classifications during Medieval Period: 

• EARLY CHRISTIAN ART – subject matters of art were symbols; cross fish, lamb, alpha and omega,
triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks and later- haloed Christ, saints, and the Virgin Mary,
and martyrs. (Spiritual expression took precedence over physical beauty and symbols were
emphasized) 
• BYZANTINE ART – the subject matters of art were Christ as the Creator, and
Mary, as the mother of God.
• GOTHIC ART – The subject matters were religious and grotesque; calmer and in a plastic style.
(Example of this style is the picture of Madonna and Child gazing into each other’s eyes in playful mood) 

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 FRANCO-FLEMISH PAINTING

• Portable easel paintings and oil paintings were used. 

• Illustrations consists of altar pieces with general wings that open and close. 

• Children’s faces were painted like small adult. 

• Landscape was placed within pictures by the open window technique (where faraway landscape of
towns, people, and river were seen).

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 RENAISSANCE ART

• Famous painters in this period were Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael

Sanzio, and Michaelangelo.

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 3 periods of Renaissance Period: 
• EARLY RENAISSANCE (14TH -15TH CENTURY) – the styles of painting are simplicity pretty,
gesture, and expression. Painting was on man and nature in fresco technique.

• HIGH RENAISSANCE (16TH CENTURY) - its center was in Florence, Venice and Rome. Painting
styles consists of the deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds
and flashes of light. (Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro; while Michaelangelo dramatizes the
position of figures in his famous contrapuesto-twists.) 

• MANNERISM PERIOD – subject matter is on human figure with the use of oil painting and color.
Colors were sumptuous warm and sensual.

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 BAROQUE ART  

• Paintings were showed figures in diagonal, twists and zigzags. 

• Painting style is ornate and fantastic appealing to the emotion, sensual and highly decorative (with

light and shadow for dramatic effect.) 

• Famous painters were Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez, and Murillo

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 ROCCO ART  

• The style of painting emphasizes voluptuousness, picturesque and intimate

presentation of farm and country. 

• Art techniques mase was of soft pastel colors rendering the landscape smoking and
hazy with the subject always in the center of the canvas. 

• Famous painters were Watteau, Fragonard, Hogarth, Reynolds, and Ingres.

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 19th CENTURY PAINTING (Modern Art)
- Art was aimed to please the public. 

VARIOUS ART MOVEMENTS: 

• IMPRESSIONISTS - the greatest impressionist and the father of Modern Art is Paul Cezanne. His efforts were
toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance, and perfect balance in art, brightness of colors and sense of
depth in art. 
• EXPRESSIONISTS - the father of expressionism is Vincent Van Gogh. He used bright, pure colors mixed on
the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes replying on the beholder’s eyes t see them together. 
• SIMPLICITY IN ART – Paul Gauguin was simple in his artistic style. He studies the technique of craftsmen,
applied these to his canvas, simplifying the outline of forms but strong patches of colors. 

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19th Century Sculpture

There were two schools:

1. Neo-Classical schools- depicted perfect human anatomy
endowed with a calm, reflective look.

2. Romantic-Realistic schools- depicted realistic figures with

psychological attitudes of the French revolution.

The famous sculpture in this school is Auguste Rodin.

The Thinker,
Auguste Rodin
 20th Century Sculpture Monsieur
cactus, Julio
1. Pablo Picasso, the father of abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzales Gonzales
advocated a regeneration of plastic shapes through geometric
organizations of human body.

2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted a sculpture of anxiety and

terror. Nuclear energy,
Henry Moore
3. Alberto Giacometti carved a figure endowed with either action or
feeling by using thinned-out matter rising upward in empty space.

4. On 0910, a sculpture of geometric shapes emerged. This led to the

new tool in sculpture which is the blow torch. Man pointing,
Alberto
Giacometti
 Architecture in Ancient World An architectural design of ziggurat
In the Ancient World, architecture is divided into four (4) areas: (1) at UR (Iraq) 2100 BC
Architecture of Mesopotamia: (2) Architecture of Ancient Egypt: (3)
Aegean and Ancient Architecture; and (4) Etruscan and Ancient Roman. 

1. Architecture of Mesopotamia- The Temple becomes the

predominant building type in Mesopotamia.

a. Architecture  of the Sumerians- The typical building of the

Sumerians was Ziggurat. The architectural emphasis is a centralized
arrangement with vertical axis of the structure that conveys a sense of
stability and order.
 The Sargon´s palace

Continued...
b. Architecture of the Assyrians - The Sargon´s palace stood as a
representative of the Assyrian sculpture. The palace of Sargon, was
built above the ground level of the city to convey the idea that the
King stood between the god`s and the his people.

c. Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (575 BC) - The Ishtar-gate of

Babylon was built for a Babylonian King-Nebuchadnezzar II.

The Ishtar-gate
of Babylon
 Continued...

The Royal Palace at Persepolis 

d. Architecture of the Persians - The Royal Palace at
Persepolis is a representative of Persian architecture. The
repetitious vertical line represented by columns and ceremonial
figures  seem to be overriding element of form of the royal
palace.
 Continued...
2. The Architecture of Ancient Egypt- The primitive Egyptian architecture in the Valley of the
Nile used readily available materials such as seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs. Timber and
wood were then utilized. Stone was not much utilized.

There are two types of Egyptian architectures:

1. The simple stereometric type of mass.

2. Rhythmically articulated columnar hall. The Mastaba

a. Architecture of the Old Kingdom (3000-2130 BC) - The Mastaba, the stepped pyramid of
Zoser and the pyramids at Gizeh are the examples of architecture during this period.

The Mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone structure with slopping flat or recessed sides,
erected over on subterranean tomb chamber.
 “
Continued... Stepped pyramid of Zoser

The stepped pyramid of Zoser is a complex structure consisting of

an enclosed rectangle of 545 x 278 outlets surrounded by a 10-
meter high wall of limestone.

The pyramids of Gizeh signify the height of the pharaonic power.

The form symbolizes permanent and stability together with
transcendence.

Pyramids of Gizeh

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 Continued...
b. The architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-2580 BC)- Among the characteristics remains of
the Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs of Beni-Hasan. Frosted by a shallow-columned
portico, the tombs that contained the fundamental units of Egyptian culture: portico or vestibule,
columned hall, and sacred chamber. 

c. The architecture of the New Kingdom (1580-322 BC)- Those of the New Kingdom are the
grandiose temples. An example of architectural reality was that of the Mortuary Temple of
Hatsheput located at Deir-El-Bahari in 1500 BC. The structure arises from the valley floor in three
colonnaded terraces connected by the ramps. Other temples at this time were the Mortuary Temple
of Ramses II, the Temple of Ancient Gods, the Temple of Amon-re at Karnak and Temple of
Amon-mut-Khonsu at Luxor

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Rock-cut tomb at Beni- Temple of Amon-mut-Khonsu at
Hasan, after 2130 BC Luxor (1390-1290 BC)
 Continued...
3. Aegean and Ancient Greek Architecture

a. The Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)- The place of Knossos, Crete (1600-
1400 BC) is an example of Aegean architecture. The oblong shape of the court and
the general layout of the palace shows a centralized arrangement. It was a setting of
harmonious living. The arrangement of the storage jars and drainage system
testifies to efficiency and practicality.

b. The Mycean Architecture (1400-1200 BC)- The Citadel of Tiryns was

representative architecture of this era. The Citadel consisted of heavy walls that
reveal a defensive character. Through the walls, at intervals, run corbeled galleries,
which probably served defensive purposes.

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 Continued...
b. Ancient Greek Architecture- Is essentially columnar and trabeated. The
columns taper the top. The effect is a muscular-like human quality of the
columns.

⬗ The spacing of the columns towards the corners is sometimes narrower,

which also makes for a better, dynamic visual appearance.

⬗ In elevation, the Greek temple consist of three parts: the platform or base,
the columns and superstructure of entablature.

⬗ The combination of the three parts is called an architectural order.

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 • Doric order - The columns rest on a three-stepped platform
or base. The capital consists of two elements, a lower, called
echinus (circular and cushion like) and an upper, the abacus
(square) that provides the immediate support of the
entablature. Massive and severe in appearance. It is a
muscular order.

• Corinthian order - was developed much later, a variant of

the lonic order. It does not consist of volutes but of stylized
acanthus leaves. 

⬗ The lonian and Corinthian orders were regarded as

feminine; form an inverted bell shape. 

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 4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture 
- A simple rectangular structure which grew progressively
more complex. 

The Etruscan Temple - Was intended to function

primarily as an interior space. A place of shelter protected
by the wide overhang of its roof. 

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 • The Ancient Roman Architecture
- A combination of axis and centre.
The Romans were the first to develop interior architectural space
on a large scale. The typical Roman values of order, persistence,
tenacity in reaching the goal, superiority over the barbarians, and
the outgoing conquering mentality are all embodied in the Roman
apartment house, the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of
Rome (70-83 AD), the Basilica Ulphia in Rome, the Pantheon,
the Baths of Caracalla and the Basilica of Moxentius in Rome. 

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 Architecture in the Medieval World
The architectural form and style in this era are classified into: (1) Early
Christian and Byzantine Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture: (3) Carolingian,
Ottonian and Romanesque Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture. 

1. Early Christian architecture & Byzantine Architecture 

Early Christian architecture: Two building types

•  Christian Basilica 
- A rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end;
interpreted as path. 
• Martyrium 
- A circular building; interpreted as center. 
ex: Architectured form of Santa Sabina, Santa Costanga, Old St.
Peter's Basilica and the Church of the Holy Sepuchre in Jerusalem 

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 ⬗ THE BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

• Represented by San Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia.

• The Byzantine architects created a totally spiritualized space.

• The dome of heaven served as a point of departure. 

• The spiritualized space of the dome of heaven is reached only after

passing through some preparatory low and difficult
spaces, symbolizing the necessary persistent effort of the Christian
to reach his final destination. 

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 Byzantine Architecture Early Christian Architecture

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 Great Mosque of Samarra
on the Tigris River

The Islamic Architecture (850-1600AD)

- The most important contribution of Islamic architecture is the
development of a new kind of interior space, using the Roman and
Byzantine dome as a point of departure.

Examples of these types of Islamic architecture are the Great Mosque of

Samarra on the Tigris River, the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and
the Mausoleum Taj Mahal of Agra, India.
. 
Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain

The Mausoleum Taj Mahal of Agra, India.

 The Carolinian Ottonian and
Romanesque Architecture (800-900AD)

- The Carolinian architecture was characterized by an

emphasis on the westwork, on the temporal power of the
emperor. This architecture was exemplified by St.Michael
Church in Northern Germany. 

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 The Romanesque architecture (100-1200AD)
- was characterized by bay system, cross- or groin-vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive
enclosing walls, the incorporation of towers into the church building proper.

Three types of church buildings were established:

• Pilgrimage churches
• Monastic churches and
• Imperial cathedrals.

Examples of Romanesque architecture were those of: Santiago de Compostela(pilgrimage church) the Monastery Church
Cluny in France, Imperial Cathedral of Germany, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy, St. Ambrosio Church in Milan
and Cathedral of Pisa at Northern Italy. 

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 Cathedral of Pisa at Northern Italy  

St. Ambrosio Church in Milan

Imperial Cathedral of Germany 

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 Notre Dame De Paris

Gothic Architecture (1150-1500AD) 

• The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the city
cathedral. The features of Gothic style are: the pointed arch, the flying
buttress and the rib vault that reflects the transcendental character of
Gothic culture. The outside of the cathedral is related to the interior space.
Gothic architecture is a carved or molded architecture.

• Examples of Gothic architecture were those of the choir of Abbey Church

of St. Dennis, The Laon cathedral of Paris, Notre Dame De Paris, Chatres
cathedral in France, The REMS and AMIENS Cathedrals in France,
Salisbury Cathedral in France and St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany.  St. Elizabeth Cathedral
in Germany

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 ARCHITECTURE IN MODERN WORLD 
This period is divided into Renaissance and Baroque architecture.

The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600AD)

- The dome is a double shell structure built according to Gothic style. Spaces and enclosing surfaces
are on simple proportional relationships. Structures follow the system rectangles and circles.
- The Renaissance architecture makes man standing in the center of the dome revealing self-sufficient
individuality of man, acting not by the grace of God, but more by the power of his own agency. The
structures established during this time were the Santo Spiritu Dome, Pazzi Chapel in Florence,
Palazo Medicu in Florence, Palazzo Rocelli also in Florence and Saint Andrea. 

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 Pazzi Chapel in Florence Santo Spiritu Dome

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 The Baroque Architecture (1600-1750AD)
• The original meaning of “Baroque” was odd, irregular and grotesque. In 1880, the term lost its derogatory
flavor. The term referred mainly to the architecture of Barrominia and Guarini. Baroque Art grew out of
Renaissance art.
• The architecture form the Baroque architecture consists of two centers and path connecting them.
• One center, the interior, is located under the tomb and is occupied by the main altar. The other center, the
exterior is made up of the oblisk. The path connects exterior and interior space of the facade.
• Both centers, interior and exterior, convey the meaning of goal, of arrival, arrival at the end of a pilgrimage,
and final arrival at the end of our life --- path under the dome of heaven. Exemplified by this type of
architecture are the St. Peter Basilica of Rome, San Carlo Alle Quatro Fontane of Rome, and the San Lorenzo
Church of Turin, Italy. 

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 Architecture in the Contemporary World
The development of architecture prior to the international style includes Romanticism(1750-1850AD)
and beyond; the architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900AD): the Architecture of the Chicago School;
the architecture of Art Nouveau; Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism; Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
up to 1914. The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more linear, stiffer, geometrically more
regular, and more academic than its Italian counterparts. 
Romantic Naturalism expressed upon freedom from rules and upon an escape from the harsh rigor of
reason into the World of intuition and the natural. The forms of Romantic Naturalism architecture is not
linear but spatial painterly and picturesque. The use of natural materials was favored. The architecture of
Romanticism remained essentially lifeless. The indiscriminate use of forms from the past without
concern for function and technic made these forms devoid of meaning. 
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 • Examples of Romantic architecture are those of the Guardian of the
Fields at Ledou, and German Embassy at Petersburg, Street Façade of
Altes Museum. 

• The architecture of the Engineers such as bridges, railroads stations,

large halls for work and exhibitions were the first to exhibit new ideas
and paved the way for contemporary architecture. This
new architecture was made possible through the availability of new
building materials, iron and steel – the materials that revolutionized
the whole building industry.

• Examples of the Engineers architecture are the Seven Bridge of

England, the Bridge over the Menas Straits 

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 The Bridge over the Menas Straits 

Seven Bridge of England

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 The Eiffel Tower proved that the new materials iron and steel produced by the
industry could convey architectural meanings and values than the old traditional
materials of stone and wood.
The Eiffel tower conveys the triumph of man over the forces of nature. It symbolizes
high achievement of man, that he can conquer, subdue and control nature using the
new materials. Contemporary architecture comes to a first climax and synthesis in the
Architecture of the International Style which some call the Architecture of
Rationalism and Functionalism.  
Above all, the Architecture of the International Style was characterized by the spirit
of functionalism which believed that architectural forms which expressed the
functions well, were good forms.

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 The architects of the International Style showed a seemingly genuine concern
for the emotional and physical well-being of men. Urban planning was
intended to provide a healthy city environment. 

Famous architects were Walter Gropius, Le Mies etc. Some of the buildings
constructed during this era are the Bauhaus Building at Germany, the
Tugendhat House at Czechoslovokia, the Villa Savage in France, the
Centennial Hall in Germany, and the Einstein Tower in Germany. 

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 Thank you for listening!

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