Menelik II Health Science and Medical

College

Department of Health Informatics

Fundamental Health Informatics Assignment

Submitted to Gadisa K.
Date. June/12/2023
 Group 5

Name ID
1.Mahlet Zewde 018/15
2.Mikiyas Birhanu
3.Kalab Tamru 015/15
4.Firhewet Berhe 013/15
5.Emebet Tekle
6.Hirut Solomon
Introduction
 Health informatics is the interdisciplinary field that involves the use of
technology, data, and communications to improve healthcare delivery and
patient outcomes. It uses electronic health records, clinical decision
support systems, medical imaging technologies, and other advanced
technologies to improve the accuracy, accessibility, and efficiency of
health care information. Health informatics also involves the use of data
analytics and other tools to make informed decisions about patient care,
public health policies, and health research.
 The health informatics involves using technology to gather, analyze, and
manage health information and make it accessible to healthcare
professionals in a way that is meaningful, efficient, and secure.
Objective

The objective of health informatics is to improve the quality, efficiency, and

effectiveness of healthcare delivery by utilizing technology to manage and
analyze health data. It involves collecting, storing, managing, and
transmitting health information, as well as developing and using software
applications and tools to support clinical decision-making, research, and
public health activities. The ultimate goal is to improve patient outcomes and
population health while reducing healthcare costs.
 Background

Health informatics is the application of information technology and computer

science to healthcare. The field emerged in the 1960s when early computer
systems began to be used for patient management, medical research, and
decision support. As technology continued to advance, health informatics
became increasingly important for efficient healthcare delivery, better
patient outcomes, and reduced costs. Today, health informatics encompasses
a wide range of areas including electronic health records, clinical decision
support systems, telemedicine, public health informatics, and more.
Cont.………..

In 2005, the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia launched the Health Management

Information System (HMIS), which aimed to improve data collection and
management for healthcare planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The HMIS
was later updated and expanded to include electronic medical records (EMRs)
and other digital health technologies.
 The state-of-the-art of health informatics comprises a wide range of
technologies, tools, and processes that enable the effective management of
health data. These include electronic health records (EHRs), health
information exchanges (HIEs), Telemedicine, CDSS, machine learning its
more.
Some of the state-of-the-art applications of HI are:

1. Electronic Health Records (EHR): EHRs are a digital version of a patient's

medical record, providing comprehensive information about a patient's
medical history, treatments, medications, and test results.
2. Telemedicine: Telemedicine is the use of technology to deliver
healthcare services remotely. This can be used to provide remote
consultations, remote monitoring, and even surgeries at a distance, has
gained greater prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic, enabling
patients to receive care from the comfort of their homes while
minimizing the risk of exposure to the virus.
3. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): CDSS software provides
healthcare professionals with evidence-based guidelines and
recommendations that aid in making informed decisions regarding
patient care.
Some of the state-of-the-art applications of HI are:

4. Machine learning and AI are increasingly being used to analyze large

amounts of health data and identify patterns or insights that can improve
clinical decision-making, predict outcomes, and optimize treatment
plans.
5. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS systems offer various services
such as patient management, financial management, inventory
management, and others, all combined together in a single platform to
support hospitals’ operations.
 The art of health informatics involves not only the technical aspects of
implementing and using these technologies, but also the human factors
involved in ensuring their effective and appropriate use. This includes
understanding the needs and preferences of healthcare providers and
patients, designing user-friendly interfaces, and ensuring privacy and
security of patient information.

 Overall, the art of health informatics in health facilities involves

leveraging technology and data to improve the quality, safety, and
efficiency of healthcare delivery, while also ensuring patient privacy and
security.
State of the-art-of HI and
its application in “Addis
Ketema HC”
 Addis Ketema Health Center is located at in Addis Ketema SC, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
 The Health Center was built in 1943 and that provides comprehensive
health care services to the 44723 community.
 The health management information system (HMIS) in the health center
was established in 2003. Before that, the health center was using manual
paper based/tally system.
 State of the-art-of HI IN Addis Ketema HC
1. Streamlining clinical workflows and reducing paperwork through electronic
documentation and communication.

2. Providing clinicians with real-time access to patient data, diagnostic tests,

medications, and treatment plans.

3. Improving coordination and communication between healthcare teams, including

doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and other providers.

4. Enhancing patient safety by reducing medication errors, improving medication

reconciliation, and standardizing clinical processes.

5. Supporting quality improvement initiatives by collecting and analyzing data on

clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and other performance metrics.
 HI Application in Addis Ketema HC
The Health canter has many health informatics application
The first Health Canter HMIS application was eHMIS/Electronic Health
Management Information System
1. DHIS2/District Health Information System2/ -HMIS Department
2. LIS/ Laboratory Information System/ - Laboratory Department
3. Smart care - Card Department and ART Department
4. PTQIT/Priority Town Quality Improvement tool/ - ART Department
5. Dagu – Pharmacy Department
6. NHDD/National Healthcare Decisions Day/mobile App - All SDP in all
health profetion
7. HRIS/Human Resource Management System/ - HR department
Challenges
Strength
Conclusion

 In conclusion, the implementation of HI technologies is crucial for the

Ethiopian healthcare system. It would improve the quality of services,
optimize medical records management, reduce operational costs, and
provide access to healthcare services for remote locations. However, it
requires a collaborative effort between the government, healthcare
organizations, and technology providers to make this a reality.
Recommendation
References
Acknowledgement
The state-of-the-art of Health Informatics
(HI) and Consumer HI
 Health Informatics (HI) is an interdisciplinary field that combines
knowledge from healthcare, computer science, and information
technology to improve the quality of healthcare services.
 Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) focuses on the use of technology to
empower patients and consumers to manage their own health care.
 Additionally, healthcare facilities can use health informatics to improve
their operations by analyzing patient data to identify gaps in care and
implementing new strategies to improve patient outcomes. Overall, the
art of health informatics is a vital component in modern healthcare and
enables healthcare providers to provide better quality care to their
patients.
State-of-the-Art of Consumer Health Informatics:

CHI has been shown to have significant benefits when

used effectively. Here are some state-of-the-art
applications of CHI:
1. Mobile health (MHealth): Mobile health apps allow users to track their
physical activity, diet, and sleep habits. They also include applications
that provide remote consultations and/or monitor patients' chronic
health conditions.
2. Personal Health Records (PHR): PHRs give patients the ability to manage
their health records autonomously and allows them to securely and
conveniently access their medical data from any location or device.
3. Wearable Technologies: Wearable's such as smart watches and fitness
trackers have increased in popularity recently and help individuals
monitor their physical activity and vital signs autonomously.
Recommendation of the state-of-the-art of HI
& CHI in Ethiopia.

As for Ethiopia, there is significant potential to leverage Health Informatics

and Consumer Health Informatics to improve healthcare delivery and
outcomes. Some possible initiatives in this area could include:
Cont.………..
1. Developing and implementing EHRs across healthcare facilities to
streamline patient data sharing and improve clinical decision-making.
2. Providing training programs for healthcare personnel and patients to
encourage the adoption of mHealth tools and wearable devices in disease
prevention and control.
3. Establishing robust telemedicine networks to provide remote
consultations and emergency care in rural areas where access to
healthcare is limited.
4. Partner with local communities and consumer groups to create online
patient communities and social media platforms to enable information
exchange and peer support.
Cont.…….

 In summary, the state-of-the-art of Health Informatics and Consumer

Health Informatics is constantly evolving, presenting new opportunities for
improving healthcare delivery, strengthened patient-provider
relationships, and promoting patient self-management. Ethiopia could
leverage these innovations by investing in both the infrastructure and
human capacity required to support and sustain the use of digital health
tools.
Definition of indicators
 Health indicators are quantitative measures that help to assess and
monitor the overall health status of individuals, communities, and
populations. These indicators are used to track progress towards achieving
a specific goal or objective, identify risk factors, and evaluate the
effectiveness of health interventions. Examples of health indicators
include mortality rates, morbidity rates, incidence of diseases, Health
indicators provide data-driven insights that inform decision-making in
healthcare planning, resource allocation, and policy development.
 An indicator is a measurable value that can be expressed in different
forms such as numbers, percentages, ratios, and timeframes.
Benefits of indicators
Health indicators are useful in many ways, including:
 Health Assessment: Health indicators provide a way to measure and assess
the overall health of a population. By collecting data on health outcomes,
behaviors and risk factors, trends can be identified, and patterns of illness
and disease can be monitored over time.
 Identifying Health Problems: Health indicators can identify areas where
individuals or communities may be at risk for certain diseases or health
conditions. Early identification of these issues can help to initiate
proactive measures leading to better health outcomes.
 Public Health Planning: Health indicators can inform public health
professionals and agencies about the epidemic’s progress, providing them
with knowledge about high-risk trends and helping to develop targeted
interventions for specific population groups.
Cont.…….

 Healthcare Resource Allocation: Health indicators can help healthcare

providers determine where resources should be allocated to provide
adequate care to the population, especially in terms of design and
provision of preventive services.
 Tracking Health System Performance: Health indicators can evaluate the
performance and impact of health systems and their investments,
informing the prioritization of critical health programs and policies.
 Encouraging Behavioral Change: Health indicators such as weight, blood
pressure, smoking rates etc., can inform individuals about their personal
health status and encourage them to make healthy choices that protect
and maintain their health.
Cont.…….

Overall, health indicators can play a critical role in informing public

policymakers, healthcare workers, researchers, and individuals alike about
ways to prioritize health concerns, allocate resources, and strengthen the
overall health of populations.
 Formulation process of indicators
The process of formulating health indicators involves several steps, which are
outlined below:
1. Define the concept: This involves identifying the key elements of the concept
and determining the scope of the indicator.
2. Identify data sources: This may include surveys, administrative databases,
health records, or other sources of data.
3. Select indicators: Select the specific indicators that will be used to measure
the concept. These indicators should be valid, reliable, and sensitive to
changes in the underlying concept.
Cont.………….
4. Define measurement criteria: Define the measurement criteria for each
indicator. This includes specifying the numerator and denominator for the
indicator, as well as any standardization or adjustment procedures that may be
needed.
5. Calculate the index: Once the measurement criteria are established, the index
can be calculated. This involves combining the individual indicators into an
aggregated score or index that reflects the overall level of the underlying
concept.
6. Interpret the results: Finally, the results of the index can be interpreted. This
may involve comparing the index to previous years, identifying areas of
improvement or concern, and using the index to target interventions or
policies.
Cont.………….
4. Define measurement criteria: Define the measurement criteria for each
indicator. This includes specifying the numerator and denominator for the
indicator, as well as any standardization or adjustment procedures that may be
needed.
5. Calculate the index: Once the measurement criteria are established, the index
can be calculated. This involves combining the individual indicators into an
aggregated score or index that reflects the overall level of the underlying
concept.
6. Interpret the results: Finally, the results of the index can be interpreted. This
may involve comparing the index to previous years, identifying areas of
improvement or concern, and using the index to target interventions or
policies.
Health indicator type
Health indicators can be classified into different types based on the stage of the
healthcare system they measure. Here are the common types of health indicators:
1. Input Indicators: These are measures of healthcare resources, such as supplies,
equipment, facilities, and staffing. For example, the number of hospital beds,
the number of physicians per population, or the availability of medical
equipment.
2. Process Indicators - These indicate how healthcare services are delivered and
the quality of care provided. Examples include the percentage of patients who
receive recommended screenings or vaccinations, or the proportion of patients
who have received proper follow-up care after a hospital discharge.
Cont.…………..
3. Output Indicators - These track the volume and type of healthcare services
delivered. Examples include the number of surgeries performed, the number of
prescriptions filled, or the number of patient visits to a clinic
4. Outcome Indicators - These measure the immediate effects of healthcare
services on patients, such as changes in health status or symptom relief.
Examples include changes in blood pressure or blood sugar levels, or decreased
pain or depression symptoms.
5. Impact Indicators - These measure the broader effects of healthcare
interventions on populations, such as reductions in mortality rates, increased
life expectancy, or improvements in quality of life.
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a subset of indicators that help
organizations or individuals track progress toward specific goals or targets. KPIs
should be relevant, measurable, achievable, and aligned with organizational
objectives.

 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a subset of indicators that represent the
most critical aspects of performance to achieve specific goals. KPIs are typically
selected based on their relevance, measurability, consistency, and correlation
with the desired outcomes. In health, some examples of KPIs are:
Cont.…….
 Maternal and child health indicators, such as maternal mortality ratio, neonatal
mortality rate, and child vaccination coverage
 Disease-specific indicators, such as HIV prevalence, tuberculosis incidence, and
malaria morbidity
 Health system indicators, such as bed occupancy rate, health workforce density,
and financial protection coverage.
DHIS2
 The DHIS2, or District Health Information System 2, is an open-source software
designed to collect, manage, and analyze health-related data. This system was
developed by the University of Oslo in Norway, and it is widely used in over 70
countries around the world. DHIS2 is a web-based application that allows
healthcare workers to input data on various health indicators and provides real-
time analysis and reporting capabilities. The system can be customized to fit
the needs of different health programs.

 DHIS2 features a user-friendly interface that simplifies data entry for health
workers, with features that integrate with mobile devices. It has a powerful
data aggregation engine that can handle large volumes of data, and can
generate charts, graphs, and maps for visualization and analysis. DHIS2 is also
customizable to fit the specific requirements of each healthcare program and
can be integrated with other systems, such as electronic health record systems.
Cont.…….
 Data capture: DHIS2 allows data to be collected from various sources and
accurately captured into the system.
 Data management: The system provides tools for data cleaning, validation,
analysis, and data quality control.
 Data analysis: It provides built-in data visualization tools like graphs, maps, and
tables to analyze health data thoroughly.
 Customizable dashboards: Users can customize their dashboards to showcase
critical information and give an overview of different programs.
 Indicator tracking: DHIS2 supports performance indicator tracking, monitoring,
and reporting in real-time.
 Program monitoring: The system helps monitor various health programs and can
integrate multiple health programs, thereby reducing duplication of efforts.
Cont.…….
 Mobile data capture: Data can be easily collected and entered into the system
via mobile devices and can sync with the central server.
 Security: The system has various security measures to ensure the integrity and
privacy of data.
 Interoperability: DHIS2 can integrate with other systems and applications
through web services, APIs, and other relevant protocols.
 Customization: DHIS2 can be customized to fit specific data collection needs
and workflows, making it suitable for different types of health programs and
settings.
CHIS
CHIS
CHIS, or Community Health Information System, is a computerized health
information system that focuses on the community level. It is designed to collect,
manage, and analyze data related to community health services, including
preventive and promote health services.
 Patient data management: This functionality allows for the storage and tracking
of patient health records, from basic demographic information to more complex
clinical data.
 Clinical decision support: This feature enables providers to make informed
decisions based on clinical guidelines and data analytics, which can help
improve health outcomes and disease management.
 Disease surveillance and outbreak management: CHIS can help track the
prevalence of specific diseases within a community and work towards effective
outbreak management and control.
Cont.……….
 Appointment scheduling and reminder systems: CHIS can be used to schedule
appointments and send reminders to patients to attend scheduled
appointments, which can improve patient attendance rates.
 Health education and promotion: CHIS can also be used to educate patients on
various health issues and promote healthy behaviors.
 Reporting and data analysis: CHIS can generate reports and provide data
analysis on various health issues and disease trends within a community, which
can help healthcare providers and policymakers make informed decisions.
 Interoperability with other health information systems: CHIS can integrate with
other health information systems to enhance continuity of care for patients.
Overall, the functionalities and features of Community Health Information Systems
are designed to help healthcare providers address health disparities and promote
the health and well-being of communities.
HRIS
CHIS
HRIS, or Human Resource Information System, is a computerized information
system that focuses on managing the human resources of healthcare systems. It is
designed to track and manage workforce data, such as employee demographics, job
descriptions, performance metrics, and training and development activities.
 Core HR Data Management: It helps organizations keep track of basic employee
information such as personal details, job title, position, salary, work anniversary
dates, and contact information.
 Recruitment Management: It streamlines the recruitment process by organizing
resumes, tracking candidate interviews, and managing job postings.
 Onboarding and Off boarding: It offers efficient onboarding/off boarding
processes for new hires and exiting employees, including document
management.
Cont.……….
 Time & Attendance Tracking: It allows employees to clock in and out, track
their hours worked, and generates payroll reports.
 Benefits Administration: It helps administer employee benefits such as
insurance, health care plans, and retirement savings programs.
 Training and Development: It enables organizations to manage employee
training progress and monitor employee development plans.
 Performance Management: It tracks employee performance reviews, setting
goals, identifying areas of improvement.
 Analytics and Reporting: HRIS generates HR-related analytics and reports for
data-driven decision-making purposes.
 Compliance Management: It helps to keep track of legal and regulatory
requirements related to HR, including compensation, benefits, and employment
standards.
Overall, an HRIS system helps streamline HR processes and ensure compliance while
improving data accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.
LMIS
LMIS
LMIS, or Logistics Management Information System, is a computerized information
system designed to manage the logistics and supply chain operations of healthcare
systems. It is designed to track medical supplies, including drugs, vaccines, and
medical equipment, from procurement to distribution to dispensation. LMIS ensures
that adequate supplies are available when and where they are needed, reducing
stock outs and wastage.
 Inventory Management: LMIS provides functionality for real-time inventory
tracking, including current stock levels, reorder points, and issues related to
inventory levels.
 Procurement Management: The system supports the procurement process,
creating and tracking purchase orders, supplier contracts, etc.
 Supply Chain Management: LMIS provide tools to organize and manage the
overall supply chain process from planning, scheduling, transport routing, and
delivery tracking.
Cont.…….
 Forecasting and Planning: The system uses data analytics and algorithms to
predict trends, patterns, and demand forecasting in supply chains to optimize
planning and prevent shortages.
 Warehouse Management: The system offers tools to track goods movement
through the supply chain to relieve any bottlenecks, ensuring proper pickup and
delivery of the products.
 Reporting and Analytics: LMIS's provide robust reporting capabilities that enable
users to analyze data to make better-informed decisions and optimize their
operations.
Cont.…….
 Transportation Management: The system enables the management of
transportation resources such as vehicles and drivers to facilitate truck pick up
and deliveries.
 Vendor Management: LMIS offers vendor management functionality, providing
capabilities like identifying and selecting vendors, managing vendor
relationships, evaluating performance and monitoring contract compliance.
Overall, LMIS streamlines logistics operations by providing tools that help
organizations improve their inventory control, reduce transport and handling costs,
and improve execution speed with optimized storage and delivery processes. It can
incorporate various industry-specific metrics to ensure the system meets the unique
needs of different sectors.