Valves In

Industry (Part 2)
CONTENT
1) Control Valve
2) Globe Valve
3) Gate Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle Valve
6) Diaphragm Valve
7) Solenoid Valve
8) Valve Actuators
9) Valve Positioners
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1) Control Valves
 The most common final control elements.
 Function- control system by adjusting the
flows that affect the controlled variable.
 Final control elements include control valves,
metering pumps, dampers and louvers,
variable pitch fan blades, and electrically
driven control devices.
 There are many different type of control
valve, difficult to classify them

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Control Valves

 The control valve is the most widely used

type of final control element and it must
perform satisfactorily with a minimum
amount of maintenance attention, even
in severe conditions of temperature,
pressure, corrosion and contamination .

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Control Valves
 A control valve functions as variable resistance in a
pipeline. It provides pressure drop, called throttling,
which limits the flow through a pipeline.

 There are many different kinds of control valves in

common use:
 globe valves,
 butterfly valves,
 ball valves,
 eccentric disc valves and
 diaphragm valves

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VALVE
 Can operated

1) Manual (Human)
2) Automatic (Actuators)
 Hydraulics
 Air (pneumatic)
 Electrical/ Magnetic

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2) Globe Valve
 The valve is devided into 2 general areas
i) Actuators- is the part of the valve that
converts the electrical/ pressure energy
input to the valve into mechanical motion
(stem) to increase or decrease the flow
restriction
ii) Body- contains and regulates the fluid flow

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GLOBE VALVE

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Globe Valve

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Globe Valve
 A type of valve for regulating flow in a pipeline,
consisting of a movable disk-type element and a
stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
 Named for their spherical body shape with the two
halves of the body being separated by an internal
baffle. This has an opening that forms a seat onto
which a movable plug (also called a disc) can be
screwed in to close the valve.
 The disc is connected to a stem which is operated
by screw action in manual valves. Typically,
automated valves use sliding stems.

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Globe Valve
 Automated globe valves have a smooth stem
rather than threaded and are opened and closed by
an actuator assembly.

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Globe Valve
 The bonnet
assembly is the part
of the valve body
through which the
valve plug stem
moves.

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Globe Valve
 The bonnet provides a means of sealing
against leakage along the stem by using
packing in the packing box. Force is exerted by
the stud and nuts in the packing material to
squeeze it against the walls of the packing box
and the valve stem providing an effective seal.
 The valve stem extends through the bonnet to
permit positioning of the valve plug, and
therefore provide a variable restriction to the
fluid flow.

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Globe Valve
 Globe valve bodies can be classified as :
 direct acting valve body - a downward movement of the
valve plug stem results in the valve closing.
 reverse acting valve body - a downward movement of
the valve plug stem results in the valve opening.

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Globe Valve
 A globe valve can
contain either one or
two plugs. When
there is only one
plug/disc, the valve
is called single
ported globe valve.
 When there are two
plugs, it is called a
double-ported globe
valve.
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Globe Valve
 The double-ported valve arrangement produces
almost no unbalanced force on the valve stem.

 The fluid flows through the valve ports in

opposite directions and therefore generates
forces that offset each other.

 As a result, only a relatively small actuator

force is needed for positioning the valve plugs.

 This makes the double-ported globe valve

suitable for high pressure applications.
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Globe Valve
 Globe valves are used for applications requiring
throttling and frequent operation.

 Globe valves are the most frequently

encountered control valves in process plants.

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Globe Valve

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3) Gate Valve
 Used when a straight-line flow of fluid and
minimum restriction is desired.
 The gate is usually wedge shaped. When the valve
is wide open, the gate is fully drawn up into the
valve, leaving an opening for flow through the valve
the same size as the pipe in which the valve is
installed.
 Therefore, there is little pressure drop or flow
restriction through the valve.
 Gate valves are not suitable for throttling
purposes since the control of flow would be difficult
due to valve design and since the flow of fluid
slapping against a partially open gate can cause
extensive damage to the valve.
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Gate Valve

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GATE VALVE

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Gate Valve
 Can be classified as:
1) rising stem valves -
the stem attached to
the gate; the gate and
stem rise and lower
together as the valve
is operated.

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Gate Valve

2) non-rising stem valves -

the stem is threaded on
the lower end into the
gate. As the hand wheel
on the stem is rotated, the
gate travels up or down
the stem on the threads,
while the stem remains
vertically stationary.

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4) Ball Valve
 Stop valves that use a ball to stop or start the
flow of fluid.
 The ball rotates to a point where the hole
through the ball is in line with the valve body
inlet and outlet.
 When the valve is shut, which requires only a
90-degree rotation of the hand wheel for most
valves, the ball is rotated so the hole is
perpendicular to the flow openings of the
valve body, and flow is stopped.

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BALL VALVE

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Ball Valve

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Ball Valve
 Most ball valves are of the quick-acting type
(requiring only a 90-degree turn to operate the valve
either completely open or closed), but many are
planetary gear operated.
 This type of gearing allows the use of a relatively
small hand wheel and operating force to operate a
fairly large valve. The gearing does, however,
increase the operating time for the valve.

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Ball Valve
 Some ball valves contain a swing check located
within the ball to give the valve a check valve
feature.
 Ball valves are normally found in the following
systems aboard ship: seawater, sanitary, trim and
drain, air, hydraulic, and oil transfer.

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5) Needle Valve

 Has a relatively small orifice with a long,

tapered, conical seat. A needle-shaped
plunger, on the end of a screw, exactly fits this
seat.
 As the screw is turned and the plunger retracted,
flow between the seat and the plunger is
possible; however, until the plunger is completely
retracted the fluid flow is significantly impeded.
 Precise regulation of the flow rate is possible.

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Needle Valve

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NEEDLE VALVE

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Needle Valve

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Needle Valve
 Used in flow metering applications, especially
when a constant, calibrated, low flow rate must
be maintained for some time, such as the idle
fuel flow in a carburetor.

 Since flow rates are low and many turns of the

valve stem are required to completely open or
close, needle valves are not used for simple
shutoff applications.

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Needle Valve

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Needle Valve
 Since the orifice is small and the force
advantage of the fine-threaded stem is
high, needle valves are usually easy to
shut off completely, with merely "finger
tight" pressure.

 Small, simple needle valves are often

used as bleed valves in hot water heating
applications.

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6) Diaphragm Valve
 Nearly all hand-operated valves in large
refrigeration systems are diaphragm valves.
 The fluid has to rise up and over a seat. There is
a pressure drop through this type of valve.
 The upper part is sealed off from the lower part
by a diaphragm.
 An upward-seating ball check in the lower
valve stem makes it possible for the spring to lift
the lower stem regardless of pressure
differences developed while the valve was
closed. Thus, the valve will operate properly
regardless of direction of flow.

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Diaphragm Valve

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DIAPHGARM VALVE

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Diaphragm Valve

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Diaphragm Valve
 Can be tightened by hand enough to hold back
high pressures.

 Can be installed into the system with either a

flare or soldered connection.

 When it is soldered, care should be taken that it

is not overheated. Most of these valves have
seats made of materials that would not melt
when the valves was being soldered into a line.

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7) Solenoid Valve
 An electrically operated valve where an
electromagnet is used as an actuator to change the
valve state.
 Used only in an ON/OFF manner. In a two-way
solenoid valve, the valve is open when the solenoid
coil is energized.

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Solenoid Valve
 The energized
solenoid coil acts as
an electromagnet
which pulls the
plunger and the
valve disc upwards.
 The valve is closed
when the coil is de-
energized.

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Solenoid Valve

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Solenoid Valve
 The closing action of
the valve is achieved
by the weight of the
plunger, valve stem
and disc.
 Once the disc comes
close to its seat, flow
(from left hand side)
will snap the valve
tightly shut
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Solenoid Valve
 In a three-way solenoid valve, energizing the
solenoid coil causes the valve to open from Port
1 to Port 2 while deenergizing the coil causes
the valve to open from Port 2 to 3.

 A solenoid valve is often used in conjunction

with a pneumatically actuated diaphragm
control valve to obtain ON/OFF valve operation
by an electrically applied signal.

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Solenoid Valve
 This arrangement,
depending on the
valve size, may be
much more reliable,
more powerful, less
expensive and faster
responding than
using an all electric
control valve.
Solenoid Valve

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8) Valve Actuators
 A control valve actuator is a device which is
used to drive the valve plug stem and
therefore sets the position of the plug with
respect to the valve seat.

 The most common valve actuator is the

pneumatic diaphragm actuator. It is simple in
construction and very reliable. It operates by the
injection of a single, low pressure air signal into
the diaphragm housing.

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators

 The diaphragm housing is made up of two

sections separated by a flexible diaphragm.
 The air pressure applied on the diaphragm
develops a working force. This force is
transmitted to the actuator stem via the
diaphragm plate, which is a supportive metal
disk attached to the diaphragm.
 The actuator spring provides a restoring force
which positions and returns the actuator stem.

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators
 The travel indicator (a pointer attached near the stem
connector) indicates the valve travel on the indicator
scale.

 The actuator is supported rigidly on the valve bonnet

assembly by the yoke.

 The actuator stem is connected by the stem

connector to the valve plug stem.

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Valve Actuators
 The diameter of the diaphragm plate determines
the force that will be applied to the actuator stem.
 For example, if the maximum input signal pressure
is 100 kPa and the plate diameter is 30 cm, then:

Force applied to stem = Pressure x Plate Area

= 100 kPa x 3.14 x (0. 15)2 m2
= 7.07 KN (1590 lb)

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Valve Actuators
 Although the signal pressure of 100 kPa seems
to be fairly low, a substantial force can still be
generated if the diaphragm diameter is large.
 A larger valve and/or a higher differential
pressure to work against, needed more force to
obtain full valve movement.
 To create more force, a larger diaphragm area
or higher spring range is needed.

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Valve Actuators
 Diaphragm actuators can be classified as :
 direct acting actuator - cause the actuator stem to
be pushed downwards as a result of applying signal
air to the top of the diaphragm.
 reverse acting actuator - push the actuator stem
upwards as signal air is applied to the bottom of the
diaphragm.

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators
 The choice between direct acting and reverse
acting pneumatic controls depends on what
position the valve should revert to in the event of
failure of the compressed air supply.
i.e. it depends upon the nature of the application
and safety requirements.

 It makes sense for steam valves to close on air

failure, and cooling valves to open on air failure.

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators

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Valve Actuators
 Piston actuators are generally used where the
stroke of a diaphragm actuator would be too short or
the thrust is too small.
 The compressed air is applied to a solid piston
contained within a solid cylinder.
 Piston actuators can be single acting or double
acting, can withstand higher input pressures and
can offer smaller cylinder volumes, which can act at
high speed.

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Valve Actuators

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9) Valve Positioners
 Pneumatic valve positioners are the most
commonly used valve accessories.

 A valve positioner is a device which will

accurately position a control valve in
accordance with the pneumatic control signal.

 The control signal is routed to the positioner

where comparison of the valve position
(actual) to the control signal (desired) is used
to develop an output pneumatic signal which
operates the valve actuator.

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Valve Positioners

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Valve Positioners
 The positioner compares the control signal (the requested
valve position) with the actual valve position through the
mechanical feedback linkage.

 If the valve position is incorrect, the positioner will either load

or exhaust air from the valve actuator until the correct
valve position is obtained.

 A positioner requires both a control signal and an

instrument supply air for normal operation.

 Most positioners come equipped with three gauges to

indicate supply air pressure, control signal pressure and
actuator diaphragm signal (output) air pressure.

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Valve Positioners

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Valve Positioners

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Valve Positioners
 Advantages of the valve positioner include:
1) Minimizing the effect of friction, hysteresis
and deadband on the valve stem. With a high
pressure system, tighter valve stem packing is
needed to prevent leakage and a high frictional
force is generated. With a positioner valve stem
movements of as little as 25 µm are possible.
2) Enables signal range change. A positioner
can amplify the incoming control signal when a
greater actuating force is needed. A 20-100 kPa
control signal can be amplified to 40-200 kPa
before being applied to the actuator.

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Valve Positioners
3) Allows signal reversal. A positioner can
operate in either direct or reverse acting mode.
For example, in reverse acting mode, an
increase in control signal pressure causes a
decrease in positioner output air pressure. For
example, in reverse mode, a 100 - 20 kPa
actuator signal would correspond to a 20 - 100
kPa control signal from the I/P transducer.
4) Increases the speed of response of the
actuator. The speed of response of the valve
actuator depends on:
(a) the actuator volume, and
(b) the flow rate of the control signal air.
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Valve Positioners
 Allows valve flow characteristic to be
changed. Most valve positioners employ a
rotating cam in the feedback system. This cam
can be changed to simulate different valve flow
characteristics. A linear globe valve can be used
to respond in an equal percentage manner.
 Allows split range operation. In a split range
control loop, one controller is used to drive two
control valves.

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Valve Positioners

 A positioner ensures that there is a linear

relationship between the signal input pressure from
the control system and the position of the control
valve.
 This means that for a given input signal, the valve
will always attempt to maintain the same position
regardless of changes in valve differential pressure,
stem friction, diaphragm hysteresis and so on.

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Valve Positioners

 A positioner may be used as a signal amplifier or

booster.
 It accepts a low pressure air control signal and,
by using its own higher pressure input, multiplies
this to provide a higher pressure output air
signal to the actuator diaphragm, if required, to
ensure that the valve reaches the desired
position.

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Valve Positioners

 Some positioners incorporate an electropneumatic

converter so that an electrical input (typically 4 - 20
mA) can be used to control a pneumatic valve.

 Some positioners can also act as basic

controllers, accepting input from sensors.

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Assignments

 Define the term of cavitation.

 Discuss the conditions that cause the
cavitation phenomenon.
 Discuss the possible damages done by
the cavitation phenomenon and how to
control it.

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Assignments

 Define the term of flashing.

 Discuss the conditions that cause the
flashing phenomenon.
 Discuss the possible damages done by
the flashing phenomenon and how to
control it.

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