Hierarchical

Taxonomic System of
Classification
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Taxonomy
Domain is the largest category into which
organisms are classified. Back then,
organisms were only grouped into
eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Then
scientists produced the three-domain
systems of classification.
Recently, prokaryotes have been divided
into two domains namely: Archaea and
Eubacteria. The eukaryote group was
retained and includes the protists, fungi,
plants, and animals
Taxonomy
Kingdom is the taxonomic rank after
domain. In the late century 18th
century, studies of organisms
resulted in only two-kingdom
classification system. But with the
invention of the microscope and with
more evidences gathered about
different forms of life, various
scientists have proposed three to
four, then five, and later six or even
eight-kingdom classification.
Six-Kingdom
Classification
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protist
4. Fungi
5. Plant
6. Animal
Taxonomy
A Phylum consists of different classes.
Each class has several orders, and each
order has different families. A Family
consists of several genera (sing. genus),
with each genus being composed of
the smallest group of various species.
Species is a group of organisms that
can reproduce. This means that only
members of an equivalent species can
mate and produce fertile offspring. The
dog, Waling-Waling (an orchid),
Milkfish (local name, Bangus), rice
plant, and humans are examples of
species.
 Common Name and
Scientific Name
In Biology, a common name of organism, is
also known as a vernacular name, English
name, trivial name, country name, popular
name, or farmer's name. A name that is based
on the normal language of everyday life.
The scientific name based on the binomial
system of classification is composed of two
names, where the first name as based on its
genus and second name refers to the species
where the organism belongs. Both names are
in Latin or latinized.
Scientific Name

Scientific names are written either

italicized (e.g., Panthera leo) or
underlined (e.g., Panthera leo), with
only the first letter of the genus written
in uppercase.
Sir Carolus Linnaeus is the Father of
Botany, the scientific study of plants,
including their structure and economic
importance. He was the first to name
and classify plants and other organisms.
The Three
Domains of
Life
Archaea Domain: Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Organisms of this kingdom are all
microscopic, meaning we cannot see them
with our unaided eyes. Archaebacteria has
no nucleus and even organelles. Their
genetic materials float freely in cytoplasm.
They live and settle in diverse places, some
even in the most extreme environments.
The Three
Domains of
Life
Bacteria Domain: Kingdom
Eubacteria
Members of Eubacteria are unicellular and
microscopic. They do not have true nucleus
and organelles and are regarded as the true
bacteria. Their cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan, the basic unit of the cell wall
in bacteria, which confers mechanical
rigidity to the cell, protects the cytoplasmic
membrane and determines the cell form.
The Three Domains
of Life
Domain Eukarya
Eukarya consists of organisms that
have a true nucleus and structures
called organelles that are
surrounded with by membranes.
Organisms in the domain Eukarya
keep their genetic material in a
nucleus and include the plants,
animals, fungi, and protists.
Kingdom Protista
They can be classified into
three groups: plant-like,
animal-like, and fungi-like
protists. The grouping is
based on their method of
obtaining energy and ability
to locomote.
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, non-
vascular, non-motile and
heterotrophic organisms. They
may be unicellular or
filamentous. They reproduce
by means of spores and
exhibit the phenomenon of
alternation of generation.
Fungi lack chlorophyll and
hence cannot perform
photosynthesis.
Kingdom Plantae

They are multicellular and

because they have chlorophyll,
they can make their own food.
Plants consist of two big
groups: those which do not
have tissues to transport water
and food (nonvascular) and
those that have such transport
system (vascular).
Non-Vascular Plant
Vascular
Plant
Examples of
vascular plants
include maize,
mustard, rose,
cycad, ferns,
clubmosses,
grasses,
Gymnosperms
These are seed plants composed
of those which bear seeds
contained in cones and those
inside a protective layer of tissue.
Plants with seeds borne in cones
are called gymnosperms.
Examples of gymnosperms are the
conifers (e.g., Pine trees,
cypresses), cycads, ginkgoes, and
gnetophytes.
 Angiosperms
They are also called flowering plants since
flowers, as well as fruits, are involved in their
reproduction and development.
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are divided in two
major groups, the invertebrates
and vertebrates. Invertebrates
are those that do not possess a
vertebral column or backbone
while Vertebrates are those
where vertebral column or
backbone is present.
Invertebrates:
Sponges
The simplest animals belong to Phylum
Porifera. They live in shallow and deep
oceans. The young of sponges are
motile, while adults are attached to solid
materials like rocks. The body of a hard
sponge is supported by a “skeleton”
composed of spicules, that are made of
glasslike silica or calcium carbonate. A
network of protein fibers supports soft
sponges. This is the one used for bathing
and washing.
Invertebrates: Cnidarians
Members of Phylum Cnidaria consist of
animals whose tentacles contain stinging
cells called nematocysts. These poison-
filled structures are used for defending
themselves and for capturing their prey
and food. Once released, this poison can
be painful to their enemies. Examples of
these are jellyfish or sea jellies, corals, and
sea anemones. Corals forms colonies of
various colors and secrete a hard skeleton.
These accumulate to form coral reefs
which are of great importance as they are
one of the most worlds most productive
ecosystem.
Invertebrates:
Flatworms
The belong to Phylum Platyhelminthes (in
Greek platys means flat, helmins means worm).
As their names suggest, they are flat and
ribbonlike organisms. Flatworms are found in
freshwater, in wet places and marine waters.
They include the free-living or nonparasitic
worms, the parasitic flukes, and the tapeworms
group. Planaria is an example of a free-living
flatworms. Tapeworms are also parasitic
flatworms like flukes with incomplete digestive
system.
Invertebrates:
Roundworms
These are members of Phylum
Nematoda. Compared to flatworms,
roundworms, also known as
nematodes, have long, cylindrical, and
slender bodies. Example of
roundworms. Ascaris lumbricoides
(also called human roundworm),
which is the most common
roundworm infection, and affects as
many as one billion people worldwide.
Invertebrates:
Segmented Worms
The third group of worms among the
animal phyla belongs to Phylum
Annelida, also called annelids. These
worms are characterized by a
segmented or repeated body parts
which enable them to move easily with
flexibility. Segmented worms include
the common earthworm and leeches.
They have a digestive system, nervous
system, and circulatory system.
 These soft-bodied invertebrates are mostly covered with shells.
Invertebrates: They have complex respiratory, reproductive, circulatory,
digestive, and excretory systems functioning together for their
Mollusks survival. Mollusks consists of three classes: The Gastropods,
Bivalves and Cephalopods. Gastropods, also called univalves
and has only one shell. They are mostly marine and freshwater
and terrestrial members.
Invertebrates: Echinoderms
Diverse marine invertebrates that
include sea urchins, sand dollars,
star fish, sea cucumbers and brittle
stars. They are recognizable by
their pentameric radial symmetry.
They have a star-like appearance
and are spherical or elongated.
They are exclusively marine
animals and organisms are spiny-
skinned. They also exhibit organ
level of organization. Examples of
an echinoderm include a starfish, a
sand dollar, a brittle star, a sea
urchin, and a sea cucumber.
Invertebrates: Phylum Arthropoda is considered
the most successful of all animal
Arthropods phyla as they are present in almost
all types of habitats. Arthropods
walk or crawl, some can fly, while
others swim in salty and
freshwaters. Examples of
arthropods are Chelicerata:
horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions,
sea spiders and mites. Myriapoda:
millipedes, centipedes, pauropods
and symphylans (known as
glasshouse symphylans or garden
centipedes) Crustacea: brine
shrimp, barnacles, lobsters, crabs,
shrimp and remipedes.
Vertebrates:
Chordates
Animals that belong to Phylum
Chordata have four characteristics
that are present in any stages in their
life cycle. These are the notochord,
the dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits,
and a post-anal tail. Notochord serves
as a source of midline signals that
pattern surrounding tissues and as a
major skeletal element of the
developing embryo.
Vertebrates:
Chordates
a. Fishes can be classified into either Class
Osteichthyes or Class Chondricthyes. Include
Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fishes having
a cartilaginous skeleton. The class includes a
diverse group of fishes including sharks, rays,
skates, and chimaeras. They are mostly marine
fishes. The other group of fishes are bony
fishes, which are included in the class
Osteichthyes. These are cold-blooded animals
with backbone and are found in either
saltwater or freshwater. Most possess scales
for protection, a paired fin for movement and
gills for gas exchange. Fishes may lay eggs to
reproduce or give birth to live young.
Vertebrates: Chordates
b. Class Amphibia refers to cold-blooded
animals that live part in water and part on
land, from which amphibians got their name.
Most lay small, shellless eggs surrounded by
jellylike substance in wet places or in water.
These hatch into larvae with gills and tails.
The species in this group include frogs,
toads, salamanders, and newts. All can
breathe and absorb water through their very
thin skin. Amphibians also have special skin
glands that produce useful proteins.
Vertebrates: Chordates

c. Class Reptilia include cold-blooded animals

that exhibit more adaptations for living on
land. They lay eggs with shells to protect them
from drying up. They even have smooth or
rough scales that cover their body to minimize
loss of water. Some reptiles have smooth
scales like lizards and snakes, while others
have rough scales like crocodiles and
alligators. Alligators live in freshwater and are
only found in North and South America. They
include crocodiles, snakes, lizards, turtles, and
tor- toises.
Vertebrates:
Chordates
d. Birds belong to Class Aves, and most are
adapted to fly. Their adaptation for flight
includes wings and feathers, large flight
muscles attached to their breastbone, and
reduced bone weight. Some birds are
warm-blooded, while others are cold-
blooded. Flightless birds are birds which
cannot fly. They rely on their ability to run
or swim and have evolved from their flying
ancestors. These are Penguin, Ostrich,
Kiwi, Kakapo and Cassowary.
Vertebrates: Chordates

e. Class Mammalia differ from other

animals because they have
mammary glands that produce milk
to nourish their young and most
have hair or fur. They inhale air, have
four-chambered hearts and are
warm-blooded. Most of them also
give birth to live young and care for
them