Scribd
Upload
32 views

Transport Protocols

The document discusses transport layer protocols, specifically connection-oriented transport protocols. It describes: 1. Connection-oriented transport protocols allow multiple applications to share a single network connection by creating ports on the computer. The transport layer handles around 65,000 ports per connection. 2. Transport protocols like TCP provide end-to-end data transport and quality of service guarantees by addressing potential network problems like packet loss, duplicates, and delays. 3. TCP provides a reliable, connection-based data stream with features like acknowledgments, retransmissions, in-order delivery, congestion control, and error detection.

Uploaded by

MJ PNLN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

Transport Protocols

The document discusses transport layer protocols, specifically connection-oriented transport protocols. It describes: 1. Connection-oriented transport protocols allow multiple applications to share a single network connection by creating ports on the computer. The transport layer handles around 65,000 ports per connection. 2. Transport protocols like TCP provide end-to-end data transport and quality of service guarantees by addressing potential network problems like packet loss, duplicates, and delays. 3. TCP provides a reliable, connection-based data stream with features like acknowledgments, retransmissions, in-order delivery, congestion control, and error detection.

Uploaded by

MJ PNLN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

TRANSPORT

PROTOCOLS
CONNECTION-ORIENTED TRANSPORT PROTOCOL MECHANISMS
PURPOSE
• Letting multiple applications use one
network connection simultaneously
• The transport layer creates about
65,000 ports on your computer per
network connection
INTRODUCTION
• In a protocol architecture, the transport protocol sits
above a network or internetwork layer provides services
to transport service (TS) users, such as FTP, SMTP, and
TELNET
• general service provided by a transport protocol is the
end-to-end transport of data in a way that shields the TS
user from the details of the underlying communications
systems.
THE LESS THE NETWORK
SERVICE PROVIDES, THE
MORE THE TRANSPORT
PROTOCOL MUST DO
• Two basic types of transport service are possible:
connection oriented and connectionless or datagram
service.
• A connection-oriented service provides for the
establishment, maintenance, and termination of a
logical connection between TS users.
• This has, so far, been the most common type of protocol
service available and has a wide variety of applications.
OVERVIEW
ORIENTATION
TRANSPORT LAYER
FUNCTIONS
• The transport layer is the
interface between the
network and application
• The transport layer
provides 2 main functions
to the application:
1. Data transport service
(transport data to
another remote or
local application)
2. Some kevel of Quality
of Service
TRANSPORT LAYER FUNCTIONS
Possible problems on the network are (incomplete list):
• PACKET LOSS: Packet loss typically occurs in congested IP routers (too
many packets have to be forwarded to the same outbound interface
at the same time).
• PACKET DUPLICATES: Packet duplicates may occur due to routing
loops or retransmissions due to a slow network.
• OUT OF ORDER PACKETS: Due to different transmission paths one IP
packet may get ahead of another IP packet.
• BIT ERRORS: Bit errors may occur due to various electromagnetic
interferences. Bit errors are typically relatively high on wireless links.
• DELAY OF PACKETS: Packets get delayed in the network due to
buffering, transmission delay etc.
END-TO-END PROTOCOLS
• Convert host-to-host packet delivery service into a
process-to-process communication channel
• Demultiplexing: Multiple applications can share the
network

• End points identified by ports


• Ports are not interpreted globally
• Servers have well defined ports
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
(TCP)
THE RELIABLE, CONNECTION-BASED CHOICE
TCP SERVICES
• Data stream push: Ordinarily, TCP decides when sufficient data
have accumulated to form a segment for transmission. The TCP
user can require TCP to transmit all outstanding data up to and
including that labeled with a push flag. On the receiving end, TCP
will deliver these data to the user in the same manner. A user
might request this if it has come to a logical break in the data.

• Urgent data signaling: This provides a means of informing the


destination TCP user that significant or “urgent” data is in the
upcoming data stream. It is up to the destination user to
determine appropriate action.
TCP HEADER FORMAT

• TCP uses a single type protocol data


unit called a TCP Segment
• One header must serve to perform all
protocol mechanisms, it is rather large,
with a minimum length of 20 octets
TCP HEADER FORMAT
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS

• SOURCE PORT (16 BITS). Source TCP


user. Example values are Telnet = 23;
TFTP = 69; HTTP = 80
• DESTINATION PORT (16 BITS).
Destination TCP user.
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS
• SEQUENCE NUMBER (32 BITS). Sequence
number of the first data octet in this
segment except when the SYN flag is set.
If SYN is set, this field contains the initial
sequence number (ISN) and the first data
octet in this segment has sequence
number ISN + 1.
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT NUMBER (32 BITS).
Contains the sequence number of the next
data octet that the TCP entity expects to
receive.
• DATA OFFSET (4 BITS). Number of 32-bit
words in the header.
• RESERVED (4 BITS). Reserved for future use.
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS
• FLAGS (6 BITS). For each flag, if set to 1, the meaning is
• CWR: congestion window reduced.
• ECE: ECN-Echo; the CWR and ECE bits, defined in RFC 3168, are used for
the explicit congestion notification function
• URG: urgent pointer field significant.
• ACK: acknowledgment field significant.
• PSH: push function.
• RST: reset the connection.
• SYN: synchronize the sequence numbers.
• FIN: no more data from sender.
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS
• WINDOW (16 BITS). Flow control credit allocation, in
octets. Contains the number of data octets,
beginning with the sequence number indicated in the
acknowledgment field that the sender is willing to
accept.
• CHECKSUM (16 BITS). The ones complement of the
ones complement sum of allthe 16-bit words in the
segment plus a pseudoheader, described
subsequently.
TCP HEADER FORMAT: FIELDS
• URGENT POINTER (16 BITS). This value, when added
to the segment sequence number, contains the
sequence number of the last octet in a sequence of
urgent data. This allows the receiver to know how
much urgent data is coming.
• OPTIONS (VARIABLE). An example is the option that
specifies the maximum segment size that will be
accepted.
SETTING UP A CONNECTION
FEATURES TCP OFFER
• Data acknowledgments
• Retransmission
• In-order delivery
• Congestion control
• Error detection
DISADVANTAGES OF TCP

• Bigger header
• Data does not always get sent out
immediately
• Bigger overhead
TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS IN THE INTERNET

You might also like