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Lecture 2 Cognitive Psy (History)

1. This document provides a history of cognitive psychology, tracing influential thinkers from the 19th century like J.S. Mill to mid-20th century founders including Jean Piaget, Edward Tolman, Clark Hull, Carl Rogers, Donald Hebb, and George Miller. 2. Key developments included challenging radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis, establishing cognitive processes as legitimate topics of study, and proposing models of information processing and problem solving like Miller's theory of a 7+/-2 capacity limit for short-term memory and the TOTE model. 3. Other important figures mentioned were Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, Jerome Bruner, and Leon Festinger, who respectively contributed to artificial intelligence, cognitive learning theory

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30 views14 pages

Lecture 2 Cognitive Psy (History)

1. This document provides a history of cognitive psychology, tracing influential thinkers from the 19th century like J.S. Mill to mid-20th century founders including Jean Piaget, Edward Tolman, Clark Hull, Carl Rogers, Donald Hebb, and George Miller. 2. Key developments included challenging radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis, establishing cognitive processes as legitimate topics of study, and proposing models of information processing and problem solving like Miller's theory of a 7+/-2 capacity limit for short-term memory and the TOTE model. 3. Other important figures mentioned were Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, Jerome Bruner, and Leon Festinger, who respectively contributed to artificial intelligence, cognitive learning theory

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Mubarrah Mubarrah
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COGNITIVE

PSYCHOLOGY

Lecture 2

\\\\\\\\\\
History of
Cognitive Psychology
Background
Intellectual History
• Cognitive abilities have been studied philosophically before
the founding of psychology
J. S. Mill (British Empiricist)
Gustav Fechner (Physiologist; Psychophysics)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (Experimentalist)
William James (Functionalist)
• But there were important founders of the cognitive
approach
Jean Piaget (1996 – 1980)

• Swiss Psychologist and a founder of cognitive


development in the 1920s
• His work focused on child’s interactions with the
environment
• Identified structures becomes more complex (reflected
through stages) through maturation and experience.
• His extensive work on cognitive development in the 1930’s
and 1940’s contributed to the revived interest in cognitive
issues in the 1950’s
Edward Tolman and Clark Hull

• Challenged Behaviorist assumptions by examining internal


mental process
• These processes were called Intervening (better adaptation
of the individual to a given situation ) Variables

• For Hull, these variables were mainly physiological


(needs)
• For Tolman they were mainly cognitive variables
(mental maps).
Founding of Cognitive Psychology
Key Ideas
Carl Rogers and Donald Hebb
• Both challenged radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

• Rogers( emphasized the importance of internal conscious


processes and its role on behavior.(like Carl Rogers Client
Centered Therapy)
____________________________________________________
1. Radical behaviorism = how environmental factors influence our state of
mind.

2. Psychoanalysis the focus is on the unconscious mind rather than the


conscious mind
Hebb
.
• Hebb contributed to the rise of cognitive interests
with his book The Organization of Behavior which
encouraged an interest both biological explanations
and cognitive processes

• Continued to discuss physiology and behavioral


phenomena and cognitive processes..
• He noted the work of Festinger and
Miller, Galanter, & Pribram as good starts
toward cognitive psychology.
Herbert Simon and
Allen Newell
• Colleagues at Carnegie-Mellon University
• Were founding fathers of
several of today's important
scientific domains, including

• artificial Intelligence,
• information processing,
• decision-making,
George Miller
• Princeton Professor whose ideas are fundamental/base to cognitive
psychology. Presented his research on short-term memory its capacity.
• Miller (1956) most famous discoveries was that human short-term
memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces/chunks of
information, plus or minus two, where a chunk is any meaningful unit
including digits, words, chess positions,
Miller, Galanter, and Pribram (1960) proposed
TOTE (Test- Operate-Test-Exit)
• T.O.T.E., standing for "Test - Operate - Test - Exit", is an repetitive
problem solving strategy based on feedback loops.
•Focus on goal-directed behavior.
The TOTE Model = T.O.T.E. stands for Test-Operate-Test-Exit.
• The starting point is a specific actual. state and the target is a certain desired
state.
• We compare the actual and the desired state.
• If this test / comparison shows that the target has not yet been reached, we
take this information as feedback and now make certain changes and
improvements (operate).
• Next, we compare the result again with the desired state (test). When the
goal is reached, this process is finished (exit).
• Again, if we find a difference, we operate and test again until the goal is
reached.
• This model describes the basic structure of human learning in a simple way.
.
Jerome Bruner
• Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist who made important
contributions to human cognitive psychology as well as cognitive
learning theory in educational psychology.
• Professor at Harvard and NYU Law School
• Published The Study of Thinking (1956) and the Process of
Education (1960 )
• Considered central in the cognitive approach to thinking and
learning.
• Key ideas:
• Learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas
• Cognitive structure (schema, models) provides meaning and
organization to experiences.
For general knowledge
1.Predisposition towards learning =Should be designed that will help the
students be willing and able to learn

2.A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and
interpret information.(For example, when a child is young, they may
develop a schema for a dog. They know a dog walks on four legs, is hairy,
and has a tail. When the child goes to the zoo for the first time and sees a
tiger, they may initially think the tiger is a dog as well)

3.A spiral curriculum can be defined as a course of study in which


students will see the same topics throughout their school career, with each
encounter increasing in complexity and reinforcing previous learning.
Leon Festinger
• Leon Festinger was a 20th century psychologist who
developed the theories of cognitive dissonance and
social comparison.

• When ideas are incompatible (opposite / clashing), a


state of cognitive dissonance exists that motivates a
person to change beliefs or behavior.

• Cognitive Dissonance one of the major


accomplishments of all of Psychology

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