Industrial Networking

Dr. Manjula A.Sutagundar

Dept. of E&IE,
BEC, Bagalkot
 Introduction
• Connecting the computer to a network increases
the functionality of the computer
• Network – Group of computers and other devices
that exchange information over some type of
transmission media
• Transmission media – copper wires, fiber optic
cables, atmosphere
 Introduction Contd..
• Benefits of information exchange in the field of
industrial manufacturing
 Diagnostic information used for troubleshooting can be
obtained from a remote location
 The running time of the machine can be monitored
 Devices can be configured from a remote location
 Data can be shared among controllers, enabling one
controller that detects a catastrophic event to other
controllers
 Hierarchy of Industrial Networks
• Industrial networks are categorized using different levels
 Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..
• Sensor Bus Networks
 Most primitive and the first ones that were developed for
industrial applications
 Field devices that produce discrete input signals to a controller
 Capable of transmitting output signals from controller over one
cable to indicator lams, alarms or actuators
 Replace conventional I/O systems (individual wires connected
from each field device to terminals on controller)
 Field devices on a sensor bus network are connected to an I/O
interface device
Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..
 Interface device – electrically connected to the bus, can support
as many as four field devices
Three versions of I/O interface device
 Only accept the input signal from sensors
 Only support output actuator devices
 Supports both input and output field devices
 One end of the bus network cable is terminated at a scanner
module
 Scanner module – distinguishes one field instrument from other
using an addressing scheme
Addresses are programmed into I/O interface device using
handheld programming device
Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..
 Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..

• Device Bus Networks

 Provide control of complex discrete devices
 Supply equipment power on the same cable
 Used in areas with large number of sensors and
actuators
 Most commonly used – DeviceNet, Profibus – DP
 Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..
• Control Bus Networks
 Most advanced networks on factory floor
 Data communication occurs at very high level enabling
PLCs to communicate with one another
 High level communication capabilities – Enable them to
exchange data representing various types of information
( analog measurements, condition of actuators)
 Communication requirements for closed-loops with On-Off
and PID functions
Profibus – PA, ControlNet
 Hierarchy of Industrial Networks Contd..

• Enterprise Networks
 Also known as information level networks
 Shares data among all departments in the company
 Ability to collect and deliver vast amounts of information
 Common uses: Data collection, data monitoring, file
transfers and e-mail exchange
 Network Topologies
• Topologies – Physical configurations
• Consists of – cables to carry data and provide
power, hardware connections and variety of
components called nodes
• Nodes – computers, switches, hubs, transmitters,
I/O interface devices, sensors, valves and so on.
 Network Topologies Contd..
• Selection criteria:
 Reliability
 Flexibility
 Cost of adding a node
 Future growth
 Potential of data flow disruption
• Common network topologies: Bus, Star or Ring
 Network Topologies Contd..
• Bus Topology
 Also known as a trunk/drop
 Each node is attached to a cable called a bus
 Nodes are connected to a trunk using a tap and drop cable
 Tap – device that physically attaches and electrically
connects to the bus
 Drop cable – provide the electrical connection between the
bus and the nodes
 Maximum length is allowed for bus
Network Topologies Contd..
 Network Topologies Contd..
 At each end of the trunk, terminators are used
 The terminator prevents electrical signal from bouncing
back
 When the data is sent down the trunk, all the nodes
receive information
 Only the nodes whose address is embedded in the
message, receive the data
 Advantage : Easy to add nodes
 Disadvantage: If an open or short occurs, a portion of or
the entire network could become inoperative
 Network Topologies Contd..
• Ring Topology
 Nodes are connected in series and make up a
continuous loop
 Data in the form of packets is passed from one node to
the next one
 Each packet contains the address of the destination
node on the ring to which the message is being sent
 Advantage: Configuration provides redundancy
Network Topologies Contd..
 Network Topologies Contd..
• Star topology
 A hub is electrically connected to all the nodes on the
network
 All the data transmitted in the network passes through
the hub
 Advantages: Least expensive, adding the nodes to the
hub is easy, easy to troubleshoot
 Disadvantages: requires the most cable, if the hub fails,
whole network goes down
Network Topologies Contd..
 Network Topologies Contd..
• Combination Topologies: Utilize the advantage of
each topology
 Data Flow Management
• Signals that flow through the network – Digital
• Data – organized into packets that contain address
and information
• Multicast transmission (Bus and ring topology) – All
the nodes on the network receive the message
• Two requirements
 Message must include the address of the intended user
 The nodes must recognize if a collision occurs and how to
respond
 Data Flow Management Contd..
• Unicast transmission (Star topology) – Use master
slave model/Source destination model
• Master send messages to one of the slaves and a
reply is sent back to master
• Sent to one destination instead of all the nodes
• Transmission is cyclic
• Each node gets its turn
 Data Flow Management Contd..
• Multicast management structure
 Token passing
 CSMA
 Data Flow Management Contd..
• Token passing
 All users are equivalent
 One node after another gets the master function for a
short amount of time
 After a message is sent, the user passes the right to
send (token) on to the next user
 The process is deterministic – transmissions are
scheduled and predictable
 Data Flow Management Contd..
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
 All users are equivalent
 User are permitted to send a message as soon as the
bus is not busy
 Process is event driven and non-deterministic
 Transmission Hardware
• Cable used for industrial network must
 withstand extreme temperature
 withstand liquids that are corrosive
 must block out electromagnetic waves
• Two categories
 Copper conductors
 Fiber optics
• Copper conductors: Twisted pair, coaxial, quick
connect cables
 Transmission Hardware Contd..
• Twisted-Pair
 Common type – RS-485
 Consists of two twisted pair of wires
 The data is carried by the voltage difference between each twisted
pair
 Pairs labeled TX+ and TX- are the wires over which data is
transmitted
 Pairs labeled RX+ and RX- are the wires over which data is received
 An overall shield is electrically connected to terminals labeled SHLD
 Cables are commonly referred to as blue hose
Transmission Hardware Contd..
 Transmission Hardware Contd..
 High level industrial networks – Ethernet cable
 Consists of four twisted pairs of cable
 Each and of the cable is usually terminated with RJ-45
connectors
 Cables ( 100baseT) are capable of transmitting at
100Mbps
 The speed of Ethernet transmission can be increased by a
technique called full duplex
 Full duplexing involves sending data in both the directions
simultaneously
Transmission Hardware Contd..
 Transmission Hardware Contd..
• Coaxial cable
 Contains wire that is surrounded by an insulating material,
which in turn is surrounded by a braided metal shield
 A protection jacket surrounds the metal shield
 The center conductor and metal shield share the same axis
 The center wire is the electrical conductor through which the
network data is transmitted
Braided metal shield prevents electromagnetic waves from
corrupting the data
 One type of coaxial cable RG-8 (Maximum speed – 10Mbps)
Transmission Hardware Contd..
 Transmission Hardware Contd..
• Quick connect cable
 Cables with quick connect cable are available for
making easy connections
 Transmission Hardware Contd..
• Fiber optic
 Data is transmitted in the form of light waves
 Three parts: Core, cladding and insulating jacket
 More expensive than copper conductors
 Larger volume of data can be sent and immune to
electrical noise
Transmission Hardware Contd..
 Network Backbones
• Best way to move the data
• If the distance of a bus line becomes large enough, the
data signal weakens
• Repeaters are used to boost the signal
 Network Backbones Contd..
• Based on data flow methods various backbones are
available to pass signals between networks and
smaller networks
• Backbones
 Hubs
 Bridges
 Gateways
 Network Backbones Contd..
• Hubs
 Central connecting device
 Receives data packets from devices on a network, it re-
broadcasts the signal to all the other nodes connected to
it on the network
 Hub – Center of star topology
 Collisions can occur when two or more devices send
transmissions at the same time
Network Backbones Contd..
 Network Backbones Contd..
• Bridges
 Connects two network segments together
 Smart devices that record and process information
about traffic in the network
 Build and maintain address table for nodes and find
optimal path between a transmitting device and the
receiving device
 Network Backbones Contd..
• Switches
 Multiport bridge that selectively forwards data packets
straight through to their proper destinations
Incoming messages are transmitted only to the desired
destination nodes
 operation speeds are very fast – allow more than one
transmission to occur
 Full duplex devices – allow data signals to flow in both
directions simultaneously
Network Backbones Contd..
 Network Backbones Contd..
• Gateway
 Communication format used by one segment of a
network may be different than the format used by
another segment
 Gateway - Performs conversion function
Network Backbones Contd..