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    CH 2

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    Mohamed Cabdullahi
    Bacterial cells have a cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, affecting the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer. Bacterial cells may also contain external structures like capsules, pili, and flagella which influence properties like adhesion, motility, and virulence. Internally, bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm, single circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and inclusion bodies for nutrient storage.

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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Cabdullahi
    33 views30 pages
    Bacterial cells have a cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, affecting the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer. Bacterial cells may also contain external structures like capsules, pili, and flagella which influence properties like adhesion, motility, and virulence. Internally, bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm, single circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and inclusion bodies for nutrient storage.

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    Bacterial cells have a cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, affecting the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer. Bacterial cells may also contain external structures like capsules, pili, and flagella which influence properties like adhesion, motility, and virulence. Internally, bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm, single circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and inclusion bodies for nutrient storage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    33 views30 pages

    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Cabdullahi
    Bacterial cells have a cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. The cell wall structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, affecting the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer. Bacterial cells may also contain external structures like capsules, pili, and flagella which influence properties like adhesion, motility, and virulence. Internally, bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm, single circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein synthesis, and inclusion bodies for nutrient storage.

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    of 30

    CELL STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA.

    Lecturer. Dr. Abdinasir A. Barkadle


    Bacterial Cell Structure

    Fig. 4.1
    2
    Bacterial surface structures
    Cell Envelope
     Cytoplasmic membrane
     Cell wall

    Cell wall-less bacteria


     No peptidoglycan layer
     Cell membrane contains sterols for
    stability
    Mycoplasma pneumoniae
    Cytoplasmic Membrane
     Phospholipid bilayer
     “Fluid mosaic” model
     Embedded proteins for active transport
     Enzymes for energy generation
     Photosynthetic pigments
    Cell membrane
    Peripheral
    Membrane
    Protein

    Phospholipid

    Integral
    Membrane
    Protein

    Peripheral
    Membrane
    Protein
    Function of Cytoplasmic Membrane
     Selective permeability to different
    molecules.
     Active transport aided by permease.

     Play a role in DNA replication.

     Cell wall biosynthesis.

     Mesosomes ----- cell division.


    Cell wall
     Two major groups of bacteria based on
    structure of cell wall
     Gram positive
     Thick peptidoglycan layer
     Gram negative
     Thin peptidoglycan layer
     Outer membrane containing LPS

     Gram stain is crucial first step toward


    identification
    Peptidoglycan (cell wall)
    Cell Wall
     Gram positive cell wall
     Thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer
     Acidic polysaccharides
     Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
     Gram-negative cell wall
     Thin peptidoglycan (PG) layer
     Lipopolysaccharide layer
     Porins
     Periplasmic space
    Gram-positive cell envelope
    Gram-negative cell envelope
    Cell Wall Structures

    Structures associated with gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls.


    Function of Cell Wall
     Maintenance of the shape (due to rigidity of
    peptidoglycan).
     Protects the cytoplasmic membrane cell
    contents
     Rigidity
     Cell wall is osmotically insensitive
     Hypotonic solution – cell burst.
     Hypertonic solution – cell shrank.

     Isotonic solution – bacteria is life.


    L Forms

    Mutations can cause some bacteria to lose the


    ability to synthesize the cell wall and are called L
    forms.
    Capsules
     are important for
     Adhesion

    (Associated with virulence in bacteria)


     Avoidance of immune response

    (Protects bacteria from phagocytic cells)


     Protection from dehydration
    Capsule

    Streptococcus
    pneumoniae

    Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Bacillus anthracis
    External structures
     Pili (Fimbriae) play roles in
     Adhesion
     Exchange of genetic material

     Avoidance of immune response

     Flagella are important for


     Motility (dispersal)
     Antigenic determinant (“H” antigens)
    Number and location species specific
    Pili and flagella

    Fimbriae are smaller than


    flagella and are important
    for attachment.
    Salmonella
    Pili

    Pili enable conjugation to occur, which is the transfer of


    DNA from one bacterial cell to another (“mating”).
    Flagellar Structure

    Three components of a flagellum: filament, hook and basal body

    It composed of protein subunits called flagellin.


    Flagellar Arrangement

    (a) Monotrichous (b) Lophotrichous


    (c) Amphitrichous (d) Peritrichous
    Bacterial Motility

    The rotation of the flagella enables bacteria to be motile.


    Internal Structures
     Cytoplasm
     Genome
     Inclusion bodies
    Cytoplasm
     Gelatinous solution containing
    water, nutrients, proteins, and
    genetic material
     Site for cell metabolism
    Chemical Analysis of Microbial
    Cytoplasm
     70% water
     Proteins
     96% of cell is composed of 6 elements:
     carbon
     hydrogen
     oxygen
     phosphorous
     sulfur
     nitrogen
    26
    Bacterial Genome

    Most bacteria contain a single circular double strand of DNA called a nucleoid.
    Prokaryotic Ribosome

    A ribosome is a
    combination of RNA and
    protein, and is the site
    for protein synthesis

    Composed of large
    (50S) and small (30S)
    subunits

    S = Svedverg unit,
    measures molecular size
    Inclusion Bodies

    Inclusion bodies enable a cell to store nutrients and to survive in


    nutrient depleted environments
    THANKS

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