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Properties of Waves

This document discusses waves and wave motion. It defines a wave as a means of transferring energy from one place to another. There are two main types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not. Key wave properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, and how waves travel and behave at fixed and free ends. Waves transfer energy and their properties depend on the type of energy generating the wave.

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Nuraini Septyaningrum
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29 views34 pages

Properties of Waves

This document discusses waves and wave motion. It defines a wave as a means of transferring energy from one place to another. There are two main types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not. Key wave properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, and how waves travel and behave at fixed and free ends. Waves transfer energy and their properties depend on the type of energy generating the wave.

Uploaded by

Nuraini Septyaningrum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WAVES AND

WAVE MOTION

HC

The Professional Development Service for Teachers is funded by the Department of


Education and Science under the National Development Plan
CAN YOU THINK OF SOME
EXAMPLES OF WAVES?
WAVES
•Sound
•Light
•Water
•Radio
•Seismic.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A WAVE?

A wave is a means of
transferring energy from one
place to another
TYPES OF WAVES
Waves are classified into different types according to
their natures :

WAVES

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves

Transverse w aves Longitudinal w aves Transverse w aves


WAVE TYPES

Mechanical Electromagnetic
e.g. Water waves, waves on e.g. Radio, X-Rays, Light
a rope, sound

Must have a substance to Does not need a substance to


travel through travel through but can travel
through various substances

Cannot travel in a vacuum Can travel in a vacuum

Vibrations passed on from Travel at very fast speed in a


molecule to molecule vacuum: 3 × 108 m/s
Wave Types
1. Transverse waves: Waves in which the medium
moves at right angles to the direction of the wave
Parts of transverse waves:
Crest: the highest point of the wave
Trough: the lowest point of the wave
2. Compressional (or longitudinal) waves:
Waves in which the medium moves back and
forth in the same direction as the wave
Parts of longitudinal waves:
Compression: where the particles are close together
Rarefaction: where the particles are spread apart
Wave Properties
Wave properties depend on what
(type of energy) is making the waves.
1. Wavelength: The distance between one point
on a wave and the exact same place on the
next wave.
2. Frequency: How many waves go past a point
in one second; unit of measurement is hertz (Hz).

The higher the frequency, the more energy in the


wave.
10 waves going past in 1 second = 10 Hz
1,000 waves go past in 1 second = 1,000 Hz
1 million waves going past = 1 million Hz
3. Amplitude: How far the medium moves from
rest position (where it is when not moving).
Remember that for transverse waves, the highest
point is the crest, and the lowest point is the trough.
Remember that for compressional waves, the
points where the medium is close together are
called compressions and the areas where the
medium is spread apart are called rarefactions.
The closer together and further apart the
particles are, the larger the amplitude.

compression

rarefaction
The energy of a wave is proportional to the
square of its amplitude. Mathematically
speaking

Where:
E = energy (the capacity to do work)
A = amplitude
m = mass
f = frekuensi
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
FREQUENCY, VELOCITY AND
WAVELENGTH

c =f
or
v =f
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 1. Reflection:
Reflection is the bouncing of a wave off an object.
 If the surface is flat, the angle at which the wave hits the surface will
be the same as the angle at which it leaves the surface
PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 2 Refraction is the bending of a wave as it travels from one
medium to another. Note that when a wave travels from one
medium to another its frequency does not change.
PROPERTIES OF WAVES

 3. Diffraction is the spreading of waves around a slit or an obstacle.


 This effect is only significantly noticeable if the slit width is
approximately the same size as the wavelength of the waves.
4. Interference of Waves
When two or more waves propagating in the same medium
meet at the same point, interference is said to occur.
A stable interference pattern can be observed when two water
waves of same frequency meet one another in a ripple tank.

= +
TWO TYPES OF INTERFERENCE

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference


CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

 Constructive Interference occurs when waves from two coherent


sources meet to produce a wave of greater amplitude.
 (Constructive interference occurs when the crests of one wave are over
the crests of another wave).
DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

 Destructive Interference occurs when waves from two coherent sources


meet to produce a wave of lower amplitude.
(Destructive interference occurs when the crests of one
wave are over the troughs of the second wave).
5. POLARISATION
Only TRANSVERSE waves can be polarised.

To polarise a wave means to make it


vibrate in one plane only
horizontally plane polarised or
vertically plane polarised
POLARISED SUNGLASSES
TRAVELLING WAVE

 Point P is at distance x from the source of vibration O, then the time needed
to travel to point O is distance / speed of wave (x/v).
 If O has vibrated along t second, so the point P will vibrate along

x
tp  t 
v
WAVE EQUATION

2π
y  ASin ωt p ω
T
2π x
Y = A Sin (t - )
T v
t x
Y = A Sin (2π - 2π )
T λ

x
Y = A Sin (2πft - 2π ) 2
λ k

Y = A Sin (2πft - kx)
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF TRAVELLING
WAVE
 Velocity

with maximum velocity

 Acceleration

with maximum acceleration


STATIONARY WAVE

1. FIXED END
Reflected Wave
Incident Wave x

antinodes
-
nodes ·
For incident wave at point P: For reflected wave at point P:
STATIONARY WAVE

2. FREE END
Reflected Wave
Incident Wave x

P
-

antinodes L nodes ·
For incident wave at point P: For reflected wave at point P:
From the diagram we can see that:
1. The distance between two
consecutives nodes is /2
2. The distance between two
consecutive antinodes is /2
3. The distance between an anti-
node and the next node is /4

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