OSI Upper Layers

s the first end-to-end layer

All the lower layers were the protocols between the
Transport adjacent nodes?? NETWORK ???

Session

Presentation

Application
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 OSI Transport Layer

🞂Isolates messages from lower and upper layers

🞂Segmentation: Breaks down message size
🞂Error control and flow control: Monitors quality of communications
channel
🞂Selects most efficient communication service(connection oriented and
connection less transmission service) necessary for a given transmission

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 🞂 Data received from session layer is divided in to small data unit is called
segments
🞂 Each data unit have s/destination port number which helps to direct to the
correct application eg. Skype 1863, http 80
🞂 Each data unit has also a sequence number so that at the receiver side it is
possible to reassemble the packet to the correct order to make it original
message
🞂 For error control T L addes a checksum to identify corrupted signal
🞂 Flow control: speed maching
🞂 If server starts to send data at 50 mbps transport layer tell to server to
decrease it to 10 mbps and if server sends at 5 mbps the it tell it to increase it
to 10mbps

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 Transport layer Functions

🞂Process to process communication

🞂Addressing: port numbers
🞂Encapsulation and Decapsulation
🞂Multiplexing and demultiplexing
🞂Flow control
🞂Error control
🞂Congestion control

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 🞂 Error control – Data must reach the destination exactly as it was sent by the sender. We
have studied mechanisms such as checksums and CRC that help achieve error control
at the lower layer, the data link layer. However, TCP provides its own error control at a
higher layer, the transport layer. Why is this additional error control at the transport
layer necessary when the data link layer already takes care of it? The answer lies in
the fact that error control at the data link layer ensures error-free delivery between two
networks, however, it cannot guarantee this error-free delivery end-to-end (i.e., between
the source and the destination). The reason behind this is that if a router that connects
two networks introduces some errors, the data link layer does not catch them.

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data link layer: node-to-node delivery

network layer: host-to-host delivery

transport layer: process-to-process delivery

several processes may be running on the source as

well as the destination; an addressing mechanism is
required

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Packetizing
• the transport layer creates packets out of the
message received from the application layer
• it divides a long message into smaller ones
called segments; they are then encapsulated
into the data field of the transport-layer
packet and headers are added

Addressing
• at the data link layer, we need a MAC address
• at the network layer, we need an IP address
• at the transport layer, we need a transport-layer
address, called a port number, to choose among
several processes [0-65,535]
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 The sender just randomly select a port number(for example assume that we are accessing facebook.com
using our browser, the browser will randomly select (50000) and add it’s port number in sender port
number field and put 80 for destination port number for http:)

The randomly generated port number can be different for same application at different time

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 Socket address

❖ process-to-process delivery needs two addresses: IP address and port

number at each end
❖ the combination of an IP address and a port number is called a socket
address

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 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
🞂 the addressing mechanism allows multiplexing and demultiplexing by the transport
layer since there may be several processes that need to send packets, but there is
only one transport-layer protocol (UDP or TCP)
🞂Multiple processes are multiplexed to use the ip infrastructure …

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 Connection Control Services: Connection less and connection oriented

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

connectionless and unreliable reliable, but complex
no flow or error control, no retransmission if data Error control, Loss control, Sequence control,
is corrupted or lost Duplication control,
convenient for Convenient for:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Remote
• multimedia and multicasting applications login – TELNET, Email – SMTP, World Wide Web –
• for client-server situations HTTP etc.
• e.g., DNS can use UDP, give me the IP
address of the host name www.hu.edu.et

Some well known ports used by UDP(more : Some well known ports used by TCP(more :
www.iana.org ) www.iana.org )
DNS 53 DNS 53
Echo 7 Telnet 23
TFTP 69 FTP:Data: 20
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FTP: Control: 21
• TCP/IP doesn’t define error control at the data link layer , OSI do .
• Why we need to check error control at the transport layer b/c we have error control at each link in Data link layer b/c of the router
generate a new frame based on the link, at this time error may happen and DLL check the erroneous data not the senders data. So end
to end checking is necessary.
• The reverse question is if we make it at the transport do we need it in Data link layer??????? No ?????
• But ambiguous of course checking end to end guarantees error free transfer but there are some protocols that that check error on the
link and if there is packet droped at the destination (next hop ) the hop must resend the data it should not be from sender……

• a transport-layer service can be either reliable or unreliable

• the choice depends on the needs of the application layer program
• a reliable transport-layer protocol (TCP) implements flow and error control; a slower and more complex service
• if the data link layer is reliable and has flow and error control, do we need this at the transport layer?
• yes; reliability at the data link layer is between two nodes, but we also need reliability between two ends
• flow control at the transport layer is end-to-end rather than across a single link

like UDP, TCP uses port numbers as transport-layer addresses

note: if an application can use both UDP and TCP, the same port number is assigned to this application; e.g., Daytime, DNS

Reliability – TCP ensures that any data sent by a sender fi nally arrives at the destination as it was sent. This means, there cannot be
any data loss or change in the order of the data. Reliability at the transport layer (TCP) has four important aspects
• Error control – Data must reach the destination exactly as it was sent by the sender.
• Loss control – It might happen that the source TCP software breaks the original message into three packets, and sends the
three packets to the destination.
• Sequence control – Since different packets of the same message can take different routes to reach the same destination,
they could reach out of sequence.
• Duplication control – Duplication control is somewhat opposite to loss control. In case of loss control, one or more lost packets are detected. In
duplication control, one or more duplicate packets are detected.

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 TCP Connection management

🞂 Connection setup (three-way handshake) and connection termination in TCP look as

follows:
🞂 TCP requires connection establishment before data transfer begins.
🞂 For a connection to be established or initialized, the two hosts must synchronize
their Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs).

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 Note that the SYN segment is a control segment and carries no data.
Syn; synchronization of sequence numbers.
The server also acknowledges the receipt of the SYN segment from the client by setting
the ACK flag and displaying the next sequence number it expects to receive from the
client.

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 TCP Transmission
🞂Reliable delivery in TCP is realized using acknowledgement
🞂Stop-and-wait protocol scenarios

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 TCP Retransmission Scenarios

🞂Different TCP retransmission scenarios are shown below

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 Important issues (topics) to be covered for TCP
TCP Services
Numbering Bytes
Segments and the TCP header format
Flow Control
Error Control

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 OSI Upper Layers

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application
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 OSI Session Layer

🞂Establishes logical connections between systems

🞂Manages log-ons, password exchange, log-offs
🞂Terminates connection at end of session

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 OSI Upper Layers

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application
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 OSI Presentation Layer

🞂Provides format conversion or translation (original message 🡪 machine

understandable language)
🞂Data compression
🞂Maintain data Integrity through encryption and decryption
🞂SSL(Secure socket layer ) is a protocol used for data encryption
🞂 Data compression for faster trafer

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 OSI Upper Layers

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application
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 OSI Application Layer

🞂 Provides access to network for end-user

🞂 receives services from the transport layer and provides services to users (humans or
software)
🞂 provides user interfaces and support services such as email, remote file access and
transfer, access to the WWW.
🞂 Enables you use network to do something

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🞂 Receives services from the transport layer and provides services to users
(humans or software)
🞂Provides user interfaces and support services such as email, remote file
access and transfer, access to the WWW
🞂Three general issues related to the application layer:
🞂 the client-server paradigm,
🞂 addressing, and services

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 The Client-Server Model

🞂 to do a task, there must be a client and a server

🞂 a computer runs a program to either request a service from another computer (client) or to
provide a service to another computer (server)
🞂 communication takes the form of the client process sending a message to the server process
and then waiting for a reply
🞂 a client program runs when needed, but the server program runs all the time
Socket Interface: a set of system calls for communication between clients and servers

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 Addressing

A client and a server communicate with each other using addresses

Addressing mechanism in the application layer is different from the ones in other layers

•email address: [email protected]

•Web page (host name): http://www.hu.edu.et

These are aliases convenient for human beings; they must be mapped to IP addresses

An application program needs the services of another program for this; this application program is called DNS -
domain name system: it uses port 53

It is not directly used by the user; but by application programs to perform the mapping

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 If you want to…
Call someone, you need to ask for their phone number
You can’t just dial “P R O F G I L L ”
Mail someone, you need to get their address first
What about the Internet?
If you need to reach Google, you need their IP
Does anyone know Google’s IP?
Problem:
People can’t remember IP addresses
Need human readable names that map to IPs
Addresses are used to locate objects
Names are easier to remember than numbers

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 Domain Name Resolution

The topmost domains are

classifi ed into two main
categories, viz., generic
(which means, the
domains registered in the
US) and countries.

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 Application Layer Services

🞂Electronic mail
🞂 SMTP: simple mail transfer protocol
🞂MIME: multipurpose internet mail extensions
🞂POP3 : post office protocol 3
🞂IMAP : internet mail access protocol
🞂Webmail
🞂File transfer (FTP - file transfer protocol)
🞂HTTP - hypertext transfer protocol for accessing data on the WWW
🞂Www
🞂Multimedia

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Application Services protocols Remarks
File transfer Protocol FTP used to send and received file from a remote host

Simple mail Transfer protocol SMTP Used to only send Email over a network

Hyper text transfer protocol HTTP Used for Internet to send document that encoded in HTML

Post Office Protocol 3 POP3 the whole mailbox will be cleared (transferred) from server to local computer;
view mail only once

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIME allows non-ASCII data to be sent using the existing mail programs and protocols
it transforms non-ASCII data at the sender site to ASCII and back to non-ASCII
at the receiving site

Internet Mail Access Protocol IMAP IMAP is similar to POP3 but with the following additional features
a user can: check the email header prior to downloading, search the contents of
the email for a specific string, partially download, email;

allows you to download emails from your email server onto multiple devices. 
It keeps your messages on the email server.

Multimedia the combination of text, graphics, images, video and audio used together; at least
one must be continuous (time-dependent like audio, video, animation)

Webmail some websites provide email service to anyone

examples are Yahoo and Hotmail

World Wide Web WWW a repository of information spread all over the world and linked together;
strings of text within a page that link to other documents are called
hyperlinks
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Pop3 vs IMAP
Used to retrive email from an email server
POP3
•The only thing that pop3 does is download the email to your devices from mail server
•Downloads what is in your inbox folder
•Doesn’t download other folder like sent items, drafts, deleted emails, any custom folders
•No copy of the email is kept in the email server i.e if we access our email using our mobile, we can’t access it using other devices like from
laptop
•Used to save server
IMAP(Internet Message Access protocol)
•Also used to retrive email
•Allows you to view emails from multiple devices
•Syncs folders

Post Office Protocol, or POP version 3, is an email protocol that downloads email from an email server onto your local device. It then
deletes the email from the email server.  If you want to retrieve your email through POP3, you can only view it from one device.

There are a few reasons why you might want to use POP3 to get your email. If you need to keep your email storage under a certain quota, 
POP3 is a good way to maintain that storage limitation.
Another benefit of POP3 is privacy. 
Your email can only be seen from your local device. If storage limitations and security are a concern for you, you might want to consider using
POP3 over something like IMAP.

While POP3 and IMAP and other protocols can be used to retrieve email, there's only really one email protocol for sending email, SMTP.

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 Summary of OSI Layers

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summary

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 Lack of OSI Model’s Success

🞂The OSI model appeared after the TCP/IP protocol suite.

🞂Most experts were at first excited and thought that the TCP/IP protocol
would be fully replaced by the OSI model.
🞂This did not happen for several reasons, but we describe only three,
which are:
🞂 First, OSI was completed when TCP/IP was fully in place and a lot of time and
money had been spent on the suite; changing it would cost a lot.
🞂 Second, some layers in the OSI model were never fully defined.
🞂 Third, when OSI was implemented by an organization in a different application, it
did not show a high enough level of performance to entice the Internet authority
to switch from the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model.

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For example, although the services provided by the presentation and the session layers
were listed in the document, actual protocols for these two layers were not fully
defined, nor were they fully described, and the corresponding software was not fully

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 Quiz (10 %)

1. Which device can encapsulate and decapsulate at the same

time in one communication?
2. List some of the functionality of each layers of OSI Model ?
3. What is difference between physical address and logical
address?
4. What is the difference between fragmentation and
segmentation?

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 Quiz 2 (10 %) sec1

1. List some of the functionality of each layers of OSI Model ?

2. What is difference between physical address and logical
address?
3. What is the difference between fragmentation and
segmentation?

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Thank You !!!