FRACTIONS

FRACTIONS
Teacher Lorelie
MATHEMATICS
Choose the level

Standard III
Standard IV
Standard V
 What are fractions?

How to read fractions?

More about fractions…

III Parts of a collection

Revision

More about fractions…

…numerator and denominator

Back
 Equivalent fractions

Types of fractions

Fraction as division

IV Mixed numbers

Comparison of fractions

Addition of like fractions

Subtraction of like fractions

Back
 Reduced form of fractions

Factors and Multiples

Addition of…
…unlike fractions, mixed numbers

V Subtraction of…
…unlike fractions, mixed numbers

Multiplication of fractions

Reciprocal of a fraction

Division of fractions
Back
Short Review

Back
Standard III
 What
are
fractions?
 Look at the figure given below.
It is a whole figure.

1
We can divide it
1
2 2 into 2 equal parts
by drawing a line.

Shade only one part of the figure.

Each part is called one half of the whole.

We write it as 1
2
 Look at the figure given below.
It is a whole figure.

1 1
We can divide it
2 2 into 2 equal parts
by drawing a line.

Shade only one part of the figure.

Each part is called one half of the whole.

We write it as 1
2 Back
How to read
fractions?
 How to read a fraction?

1 is read as 1 upon 2 or 1 by 2.
2

3 is read as 3 upon 7 or 3 by 7.
7

2 is read as 2 upon 5 or 2 by 5.
5

7 is read as 7 upon 9 or 7 by 9.
9
Back
More about
fractions…
 The following figures are divided into
two equal parts.

1 1 1 1
2
whole
2 2 whole 2

When a whole is divided into two equal parts,

each part is called half of the whole.

One half is written as 1

2
Two halves make a whole.
 Each figure is divided into two parts.
Are both parts equal?

Yes Yes No Yes

No No Yes No
Which of the following figures are
divided into two equal parts?

  

  
 The following figures are divided into
three equal parts.

1 1
1 1 1 3 3
3 3 3
1
3

When a whole is divided into three equal parts,

each part is called one third of the whole.

One third is written as 1

3
 Each figure is divided into three parts.
Are all the three parts equal ?

No Yes Yes No

Yes No No Yes
Which of the following figures are
divided into three equal parts?

   

   
 The following figures are divided into
four equal parts.
1 1
1 1 4 4
4 4
1 1
1 1
4 4
4 4

When a whole is divided into four equal parts,

each part is called one fourth of the whole.

One fourth is written as 1

4
Each figure is divided into four parts.
Are all the four parts equal?

No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No
 Which of the following figures are
divided into four equal parts?

   

   
Draw a line or lines to divide
each of the
following shapes into:
two
four equal
three equalparts
equal parts
parts
Shade
Shadeone
onehalf
Shade fourth
third (1/3)
(1/4)
(1/2) of of
ofeach
eacheachshape
shape
shape

1 1
1 1 14 14
1
14 1 41 3 31
1 1 2 2
321 3 213 11 1
4 4 4 4
3
 Look at the figure given below:
It has 3 equal parts.
2 parts are shaded.
The fraction for the shaded part is 2
3
It is read as two third.

It has 4 equal parts.

3 parts are shaded.
The fraction for the shaded part is 3
4
It is read as three fourth.
Match the following
1 One fourth
2
1 One third
4
3 One half
4
1 Two third
3
2 Three fourth
3
Back
WHOLE 1
1
HALF
2
QUARTER 1
(ONE FOURTH) 4
THREE QUARTERS 3
(THREE FOURTH) 4
1
ONE THIRD 3

TWO THIRD 2
3
Back
More about
fractions…
…numerator and
denominator
 PARTS OF A WHOLE ARE CALLED
FRACTIONS.
e.g.
1 Parts considered NUMERATOR
2 Total number of DENOMINATOR
equal parts

NUMERATOR
FRACTION =
DENOMINATOR
 Remember :
Letter‘u’ is in the word ‘numerator’ and
the word ‘ up’ .

So, in the fraction 3 , 3 is the numerator.

3 8
8
Remember :
Letter ‘d’ starts the word
denominator’ and the word ‘down’ .

So, in the fraction 3 , 8 is the denominator.

Write the numerator and denominator
for each of the following fractions.
Fraction Numerator Denominator
2
3
3
4
1
5

5
7
 Write the fraction for the numerator
and denominator given below.

Numerator Denominator Fraction

1 1 1
5 5 5
4 4 4
7 7 7
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
8 8 8
Write the fraction for the shaded part.

Numerator 5 Numerator 5
(shaded parts) (shaded parts)
Denominator 10 Denominator 8
(total parts) (total parts)

Fraction 5 Fraction 5
10 8
 Next…

Monday Lesson
Back
Standard IV
Equivalent
fractions
Is the shaded part in each pair of figures same?

Yes Yes Yes

Is the shaded part in both the figures same?

Yes

What is the fraction for the shaded part?

So, we see that =

Is the shaded part in both the figures same?

Yes

What is the fraction for the shaded part?

So, we see that =

Is the shaded part in both the figures same?

Yes

What is the fraction for the shaded part?

So, we see that =

Fractions which are equal in value to each
other are called equivalent fractions.

e.g.
1 is equivalent to 2
2 4

3 is equivalent to 6
4 8
Match the following equivalent fractions.
1 2
2 8

1 2
3 4

1 2
6

1 3
4 3
Back
Types of
fractions
Fractions where the numerator is smaller
than the denominator are called
proper fractions.

e.g. 1 3 2 4 etc.
4 5 7 9
Fractions where the numerator is greater
than the denominator are called
improper fractions.

e.g. 9 7 4 8 etc.
4 2 3 7
Fractions which have same denominator
are called like fractions.

e.g. 5 3 2 4 etc.
9 9 9 9
Fractions which have different denominators
are called unlike fractions.

e.g. 5 3 2 4 etc.
9 4 3 5
Fractions which have numeral 1 as
numerator are called unit fractions.

e.g. 1 1 1 1 etc.
9 4 3 5

Back
 Next…

Tuesday Lesson
Back
Fraction
as
division
We can write each division sum
as a fraction.

4 12 4
 =
12

3 6 3
 =
6

1  5 =
1
5

7 10 7
 =
10
We can write each fraction
as a division sum.
1
= 1  8
8
6 6 9
9
= 
4 4  12
=
12
2
= 2  9
9
Back
 Mixed
numbers
 Mixed numbers include a
whole number and a fraction.

+ =

(whole number) + (fraction) = (mixed number)

 Converting mixed numbers to
improper fractions.
Convert 4 1 to a improper fraction.
2
Step 1 : Multiply the denominator 2 with
whole number 4. 2  4 = 8

Step 2 : Add numerator 1 to 8 1  8 = 9

Step 3 : Write 9 as the numerator 9

of the improper fraction.
Step 4 : Write denominator 2 as the 9
denominator of the improper fraction. 2
(mixed number) 4 1 = 9 (improper fraction)
2 2
 Converting improper fractions to
mixed numbers.
Convert 7 to a mixed number.
3
Step 1 : Divide 7 by 3. Quotient: 2
Divisor : 3
Remainder : 1

Step 2 : Write the mixed number.

2 *
The quotient becomes the whole number. *
The divisor becomes the denominator. 2 *
3
The remainder becomes the numerator. 2 1
3
7 = 2 1 (mixed number)
(improper fraction)
3 3
 Converting improper fractions to
mixed numbers.

Improper can be changed to Mixed

fractions numbers

Improper can be changed to Mixed

fractions numbers

Back
 Addition of
like fractions
 Addition of like fractions
In the circle given below
only one part out of five is shaded.
Two more parts of the circle are shaded.

The circle has three shaded parts.

Addition of like fractions

+ =

1 2 3
4 4 4

1 2 3
+ =
4 4 4
Addition of like fractions

+ =
2 3 5
6 6 6

2 3 5
+ =
6 6 6
Addition of like fractions
1
3
+
1
3

2
3

1 1 2
+ =
3 3 3
 Addition of like fractions

When two or more like fractions

are added, then only the numerators
are added together.

The denominators are

not added together.
Addition of like fractions

+ 4


The answer should be written
in the reduced form of fractions.
Addition of like fractions
2 2 2 + 2 4
+ = =
5 5 5 5

1 2 1+2 3
+ = =
7 7 7 7

5 2 5+2 7
+ = =
8 8 8 8

3 3 3+3 6
+ = =
9 9 9 9
Back
Subtraction of
like fractions
 Subtraction of like fractions
In the figure given below, three parts
out of five parts are shaded.

Two parts are taken away.

One part out of five is left.

 Subtraction of like fractions
In the figure given below, three parts
out of four are shaded.

Two parts are taken away.

3 - 2 1
=
4 4 4
One part out of four is left.
 Subtraction of like fractions

When two like fractions

are subtracted, then
the smaller numerator is subtracted
from the bigger numerator.

The denominators are

not
subtracted.
Subtraction of like fractions
2
6 - 4 2 = 1
=
12 12 12 2
6

2 2
14 - 2 12 = 6 = 3
=
16 16 16 2
8
2
4

The answer should be written

in the reduced form of fractions.
Subtraction of like fractions
3 - 2 = 3-2 = 1
6 6 6 6

5 - 2 = 5-2 = 3
7 7 7 7

6 - 1 = 6-1 = 5
8 8 8 8

7 - 5 = 7-5 = 2
9 9 9 9
 Next…

Wednesday
Lesson Back
Standard V
Factors and
Multiples
A number that divides a given number completely
(without leaving a remainder) is called its factor.

e.g. 5 divides 20 exactly.

So, 5 is a factor of 20.

And 20 is a multiple of 5.

Is 20 exactly divisible by 3? No

Is 3 a factor of 20? No
Is 20 a multiple of 3? No
List the numbers that divide 15 exactly.

11 3 5 15
So, we can say that factors of 15 are
1, 3, 5 and 15.

List the numbers that divide 12 exactly.

11 2 3 4 6 12
So, we can say that factors of 12 are
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

Every number has at least 2 factors :

1 and the number itself.
Which of the following are factors of 16?

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

 16

    
1 2 4 8 16

Try the following….

Is 4 a factor of 14 ? No
Is 6 a factor of 24 ? Yes

Is 4 a factor of 32 ? Yes
Is 3 a factor of 17 ? No
Which of the following are multiples of 4 ?
8,
 10,
 12,
 14, 16, 18,
20, 22, 24,
 26,
 28, 30
 
8 12 16 20 24 28

Try the following….

Is 15 a multiple of 6 ? No
Is 28 a multiple of 7 ? Yes
Is 24 a multiple of 8 ? Yes
Is 21 a multiple of 9 ? No
 Common factors
The factors of 24 are :
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.

The factors of 30 are :

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30.

Common factors of 24 and 30 are :

1, 2, 3, 6

Highest common factor (H.C.F.)

of 24 and 30 is : 6
 Common multiples
The multiples of 3 are :
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 …

The multiples of 4 are :

4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 ...

Common multiples of 3 and 4 are :

12 , 24 …

Least common multiple (L.C.M.)

of 3 and 4 is : 12
Back
 Addition of…
…unlike fractions,
mixed numbers
When we add two unlike fractions
(with different denominators),
we need to find the
least common multiple ( L.C.M.)
of the two denominators.
 Addition of unlike fractions
1 1
+
2 6

To change both fractions to like fractions,

we find the L.C.M. of 2 and 6.
Multiples of 2 are : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…

Multiples of 6 are : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…

Common multiples of 2 and 6 are : 6, 12…

Least common multiple (L.C.M.)

of 2 and 6 is : 6
 1 + 1 L.C.M. of 2 and 6
Now we can add
2 6 is 6.

Step 1 : The denominator of both ________
the fractions is the same =
as the L.C.M. 6
Step 2 : Divide the common denominator with
the denominator of
the first fraction. 62=3

Step 3 : Multiply 3 with the numerator

3  1=3
of the first fraction.

Step 4 : Write 3 in place of the 3+

=
first numerator. 6
Step 5 : Divide the common denominator with
the denominator of
the second fraction. 6  6=1

Step 6 : Multiply 1 with the numerator of

the second fraction. 1  1=1

Step 7: Write 1 in place of the = 3+1

second numerator. 6

Step 8 : Add the numerators = 4

6

So, 1 + 1 4
=
2 6 6
Addition of unlike fractions

The denominators are different,

so, we find the L.C.M. of 2 and 4.
L.C.M. of 2 and 4 is 4.
=

Then, numerators are added.

 Addition of mixed numbers
4 1 + 2
5 5
Step1: Change the mixed number to an improper fraction.

4 1 = 4  5 + 1
=
21
5 5 5
Step 2: Add both the fractions. (21 + 2)
5 5
21 + 2 = 21 + 2 = 23
5 5 5 5

So, 4 1 + 2 = 23
5 5 5
Back
 Subtraction of…
…unlike fractions,
mixed numbers
When we subtract two unlike fractions
(with different denominators),
we need to find the
least common multiple ( L.C.M.)
of the two denominators.
 Subtraction of unlike fractions
2 _ 1
3 6
To change both fractions to like fractions,
we find the L.C.M. of 3 and 6.

Multiples of 3 are : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18…

Multiples of 6 are : 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…
Common multiples of 8 and 4 are : 6, 12…

Least common multiple (L.C.M.)

of 8 and 4 is : 6
 2 - 1 L.C.M. of 3 and 6
Now we can subtract
3 6 is 6.

Step 1 : The denominator of both ________

the fractions is the same =
as the L.C.M.
6
Step 2 : Divide the common denominator with
the denominator of
the first fraction. 63=2

Step 3: Multiply 2 with the numerator of the

first fraction. 2  2=4

Step 4 : Write 4 in place of the 4-

=
first numerator. 6
Step 5 : Divide the common denominator with
the denominator of
the second fraction. 66=1

Step 6 : Multiply 1 with the numerator of the

second fraction. 1  1=1

Step 7: Write 1 in place of the 4-1

second numerator. =
6

Step 8 : Subtract the numerators = 3

6

So, 2 - 1 3
=
3 6 6
Subtraction of unlike fractions

The denominators are different,

so, we find the L.C.M. of 2 and 4.
L.C.M. of 2 and 4 is 4.

Then, numerators are subtracted.

 Subtraction of mixed numbers
3 2 - 2
7 7
Step 1: Change the mixed number to an
improper fraction.
3 2 = 3  7 + 2 =
23
7 7 7
Step 2: Subtract both the fractions. (23 - 2)
7 7
23 - 2 = 23 - 2 = 21
7 7 7 7

So, 3 2 - 2 = 21
7 7 7
Back
 Next…

Thursday Lesson
Back
Multiplication
of fractions
How to multiply a fraction by a whole number ?
5  4
8
We multiply only the numerator of the fraction
with the whole number.
The denominator remains the same.
5  4 = 20
8 8
We should write the answer
in the reduced form of fractions.
20  2 = 10 2 = 5
8 2 4
 2 2
So, 5  4 = 5
8 2
How to multiply a whole number by a fraction ?
5  6
9
We multiply the whole number
only with the numerator of the fraction.
The denominator remains the same.
5  6 = 30
9 9
We should write the answer
in the reduced form of fractions.
30  3 = 10
9 3 3
So, 5  6 = 10
9 3
How to multiply a fraction by a fraction ?
2 6
3  7
We multiply both the numerators.
And we multiply both the denominators.
2  6 12
=
3  7 21
We should write the answer
in the reduced form of fractions.
12  3 = 4
21 3 7

So, 2 6 4
 7 = 7
3 Back
 Reciprocal
of a fraction
 How to write a reciprocal fraction ?

The numerator becomes the denominator.

And the denominator becomes the numerator.

Fraction Reciprocal fraction

7
9
9
 REMEMBER

The reciprocal of 1 is 7 or 7
7 1
The reciprocal of a unit fraction is a whole number.

The reciprocal of 7 or 7 is 1
1 7
The reciprocal of a whole number is a unit fraction.
Back
 Division
of fractions
 How to divide a whole number by a fraction ?
4  6
8
We change the division sign to multiplication.
4  
Then we write the reciprocal of the second fraction.
4  8
6
Multiply the numerators.
32 2
6 32 16
Reduce the fraction to its lowest form. =
62 3
So, 4  6 = 16
8 3
 How to divide a fraction by a whole number ?
4  4
5
We change the division sign to multiplication.
4  
5
Then we write the reciprocal of the whole number.
4  1
5 4
Multiply the numerators.
4 2 2
20 4 2 1
Reduce the fraction to its lowest form. = =
202 102 5
So, 4  4 = 1
5 5
 How to divide a fraction by a fraction ?
4  2
8 3
We change the division sign to multiplication.
4  
8
Then we write the reciprocal of the second fraction.
4  3
8 2
Multiply the numerators and the denominators.
12
2 2
16 12 6 3
Reduce the fraction to its lowest form. = =
162 8 2 4
So, 4  2 = 3
8 3 4
The End