Major Energy

Sources
How much energy do we use?

https://dieselnet.com/news/2018/11iea.php
World primary energy consumption

Quadrillion 1015
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32972
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

one BTU is about 1055 joules

Energy Use (IEO 2019)
End-use energy consumption by sector, world
quadrillion British thermal units
350
industrial
300 history projections

250

200
transportation
150

100
residential
50 commercial

0
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Residential: heating, lighting, and appliances
Commercial: lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer
services
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction)
Transportation (passenger, freight, and pipeline) 4

https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/
Primary energy consumption by energy source,
world
Primary energy consumption by energy
source, world
quadrillion British thermal units share
300 100% renewables
history projections renewables
90%
250 petroleum
and other 80% petroleum
liquids 70% and other
200
natural gas 60% liquids
coal
150 50%
coal
40%
100 30%
20% natural
50 gas
nuclear 10%
nuclear
0 0%
2010 2020 2030 2040 2018 2050
2050

Renewable energy becomes the leading source of primary energy 5

consumption by 2050 in the Reference case
https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/
Electricity Generation (IEO 2019)
Net electricity generation by fuel, world Share of net electricity generation, world
trillion kilowatthours percent

50 100% renewables
history projections
45 90%
40 80%
35 70%
30 60%
natural gas
25 50%
20 40%
15 30%
Coal
10 20%
5 10%
0 0% nuclear
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/ 6
India and
Energy
 India and Energy

• India uses only 6% of the world’s primary energy.

• Energy consumption has almost doubled since 2000 and the potential for further
rapid growth is enormous.
• India is set to contribute more than any other country to the projected rise in
global energy demand, around one‐quarter of the total: even so, energy demand
per capita in 2040 is still 40% below the world average.
• India’s power system needs to almost quadruple in size by 2040 to catch up and
keep pace with electricity demand that – boosted by rising incomes and new
connections to the grid – increases at almost 5% per year.

https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/IndiaEnergyOutlook_WEO2015.pdf
Primary energy demand and GDP in
India

https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/IndiaEnergyOutlook_WEO2015.pdf
Primary energy demand in India by
fuel

https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/IndiaEnergyOutlook_WEO2015.pdf
Total electricity generation in India by
fuel
 New Policies Scenario
• Average annual growth remains at 7.5% until 2020, before slowing
gradually to around 6.3% per year by the 2030s.
• Nearly $1 in every $5 of additional economic output generated in the
global economy over the projection period comes from India, leading to
a four‐fold increase in GDP per capita.

• India’s population rising to 1.6 billion by 2040

• The urban share of the total population rises from less than a third to
45%
 Selected policy assumptions for India in the New Policies
Scenario
Cross‐cutting policies
• Priority attached to the energy‐related National Missions (on solar energy and enhanced energy
efficiency) from the 2008 National Action Plan on Climate Change, as well as the wind power targets.
• A continued levy on coal (domestic and imported) to support the National Clean Energy Fund.
Energy supply
• Measures to increase fossil‐fuel supply, notably of coal, in order to limit import dependence.
• Greater encouragement to private investment in energy supply, through loosening of existing
restrictions and simplification of licensing procedures.
• Efforts to expedite environmental clearances and land allocation for large energy projects.
Selected policy assumptions for India in the New Policies Scenario
• Power sector
• A strong push in favour of renewable energy, notably solar and wind power, motivated by the target
to reach 175 GW of installed renewable capacity (excluding large hydro) by 2022.
• Enhanced efforts on village electrification and connection of households lacking electricity
supply, with the aim to reach universal electricity access.
• Move towards mandatory use of supercritical technology in new coal‐fired power generation.
• Expanded efforts to strengthen the national grid and reduce losses towards the targeted 15%.
• Transport
• Fuel‐efficiency standards for new cars and light trucks starting in 2016.
• Policy support for biofuels (via blending mandates) and natural gas, hybrid and electric vehicles.
• Dedicated rail corridors to encourage a shift away from road freight.
Selected policy assumptions for India in the New Policies
Scenario
Industry
• Efforts to increase the share of manufacturing in GDP, via the “Make in India” programme.
• Enhanced efficiency measures in line with the Perform, Achieve and Trade scheme; support for energy
audits, as well as new financing mechanisms for energy efficiency improvements.

Buildings
• Efforts to plan and rationalise urbanisation in line with the “100 smart cities” concept.
• Moving from voluntary to mandatory appliance standards; application to a wider range of appliances.
• Extension of the building code and efforts to incorporate it more into local and municipal by‐laws.
• Subsidies for LPG as an alternative to solid biomass as a cooking fuel.

Agriculture
• Shift towards metered electricity consumption.
• Continued gradual reforms to energy pricing, promotion of micro‐irrigation, groundwater
management and crop diversification.
GDP and primary energy demand growth in India in the New
Policies Scenario
Primary energy demand by fuel in India in the New
Policies Scenario (Mtoe)
Primary energy mix in India and by selected regions in the New
Policies Scenario
Power generation by source in India in the New Policies
Scenario
Renewables‐based power generation capacity in India in
the New Policies Scenario
Share of renewable energy capacity and generation in India, 2040
Coal imports by
o
r
i
g
i
n

i
n

I
n
d
i
a
World of
Coal
Coal
Reserves
Coal production in 2007: 6.4 billion
tonne

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?
id=2930
World oil reserves

World total reserve: 1,663 billion barrel

World oil consumption (2015): 34.33 billion barrel

Source: according to OPEC, January 2014

World’s top oil reserves

United States: 36.42 bbl, India: 5.65

Crude oil imports by origin in India in the New Policies
Scenario
Natural gas production in India in the New Policies Scenario
Gas reserves

TOTAL Reserve : 204.7 trillion cubic meters; India: 4.232 trillion cubic meters
World’s annual consumption (2015): 3.469 trillion cubic meters
Emissions of NOx, SOx and PM2.5 by sector, 2010 and 2040
Energy‐related CO2 emissions by selected country and
region in the New Policies Scenario
GHG emissions from different
fuels
 Modern global
anthropogenic carbon emissions

Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CO2_emitted_per_million_Btu_of_energy_from_various_fuels
How much fossil
fuel?
• Oil – 50-60 years
• Natural gas -- 50-60 years
• Coal - 100 years
• Nuclear and Renewables
∞
Bigger Problems with Fossil
Fuels
• Pollution
• Carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxides, Particulates
• Acid rain, photochemical smog

• Greenhouse gas emissions-Climate change

 Energy Challenges

• Pollution–Climate change ( Greenhouse gas

emissions)

• Increasing Demand/Supply

• Sustainability
 Energy
Conversion
• Energy Conversion is the process of changing energy from one form
to another

Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
Energy
Sources

Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
 Scales of Energy
Flows
• cell phone 2 W
• laptop computer 10 W
• human body (2000 Calorie diet) 100 W
• 1 horsepower 746 W
• automobile 130,000 W
• 1 wind turbine 2,000,000 W (2 MW)
• 757 jet plane 5,000,000 W (5 MW)
• Large power plant 1,000,000,000 W (1 GW)
• Global energy use 15,000,000,000,000 W (15 TW)

Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
 Conversion
Efficiency

• When producing work (mechanical or electricity):

η = Work Output / Energy Input
• When producing energy carriers (diesel, hydrogen):
η = Energy Content of Product / Energy Input
Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
Conversion
Efficiencies

Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
 Overall
Efficiency
• ηoverall = ηgas extraction ηgas processing
η gas transmission η power plant η electricity
transmission η distribution η motor

• Each conversion step reduces efficiency

Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-
2010/lectures-and-readings/MIT22_081JF10_lec03a.pdf
What is Green
Technology
 What is Green
Technology
Green Technology is an application of a technology
with one or more of the following objectives:
• Lowering greenhouse gas emissions,
• Increasing the efficient use of natural resources, and
• Improving air, water quality or other environmental
aspects
 Example
• Recycling s
• Water Purification
• Air Purification
• Sewage treatment
• Environmental remediation
• Solid waste management
• Renewable energy
• Energy Conservation/ efficiency
 Capacity factors are 20-40%

Source: http://studentenergy.wordpress.com/2013/06/10/june-2013-enertheme-wind-
energy/
Photovoltaics (PV) is Solar energy
a method of generating
electrical power by
converting solar
radiation into direct
current electricity
using semiconductors
that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect.

Source: http://pulse72plus.com/blog/the-hindrance-to-renewable-energy/
 Solar Thermal Parabolic Trough

Source: http://greenterrafirma.com/solar-thermal-for-electricity.html
Hydropower
 Biomass

Carbon

Neutra
l
Source: http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/lbh/lbnl/forecoman/eng/projbeschrijving.asp?n=40
 Bio-energy
Technologies

3
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
 Biomass
• Resources
Energy Crops
– Woody crops
– Agricultural crops
• Waste Products
– Wood residues
– Agricultural
crop residue
– Animal wastes
– Municipal
Solid Waste
(MSW)
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
5
 Biomass Direct
Combustion

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

 MSW Power
Plant

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

 BioFuel
• Ethanol s
– Created by fermentation of starches/sugars
– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)
– Active research on cellulosic fermentation
• Biodiesel
– Organic oils combined with alcohols
– Creates ethyl or methyl esters
• SynGas Biofuels
– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid
fuel similar to diesel
35
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html
 Biodiesel
Bus

36
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
 Geothermal energy

Source:www.epa.gov/climatestudents/solutions/technologies/geothermal.html
“If you ask a scientist how much more CO2 do you think we
should add to the atmosphere, the answer is going to be none.
All the rest is economics”.

-Gavin A. Schmidt
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
and
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University,
New York, USA