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    Air Protocols & Pollution Management Tools

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    mustajab
    The document discusses the principles of polluter pays and applying a carbon price through mechanisms like a carbon tax or emissions trading system. It explains that greenhouse gas emissions cause harm through climate change, but emitters are not held responsible for this pollution. A carbon price internalizes the social cost of carbon and creates incentives for polluters to reduce emissions. It can be implemented as either a tax on each tonne of emissions or a cap-and-trade system where permits are required for emissions.

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    Air Protocols & Pollution Management Tools

    Uploaded by

    mustajab
    13 views28 pages
    The document discusses the principles of polluter pays and applying a carbon price through mechanisms like a carbon tax or emissions trading system. It explains that greenhouse gas emissions cause harm through climate change, but emitters are not held responsible for this pollution. A carbon price internalizes the social cost of carbon and creates incentives for polluters to reduce emissions. It can be implemented as either a tax on each tonne of emissions or a cap-and-trade system where permits are required for emissions.

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    The document discusses the principles of polluter pays and applying a carbon price through mechanisms like a carbon tax or emissions trading system. It explains that greenhouse gas emissions cause harm through climate change, but emitters are not held responsible for this pollution. A carbon price internalizes the social cost of carbon and creates incentives for polluters to reduce emissions. It can be implemented as either a tax on each tonne of emissions or a cap-and-trade system where permits are required for emissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views28 pages

    Air Protocols & Pollution Management Tools

    Uploaded by

    mustajab
    The document discusses the principles of polluter pays and applying a carbon price through mechanisms like a carbon tax or emissions trading system. It explains that greenhouse gas emissions cause harm through climate change, but emitters are not held responsible for this pollution. A carbon price internalizes the social cost of carbon and creates incentives for polluters to reduce emissions. It can be implemented as either a tax on each tonne of emissions or a cap-and-trade system where permits are required for emissions.

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    Week 8

    PPP
    Protocols
    LCA
    Carbon footprint
    • Greenhouse gas emissions are considered a form of pollution because they cause
    potential harm and damage through impacts on the climate, and also contribute to
    outdoor or ambient air pollution, which the World Health Organisation estimates is
    associated with 4.2 million deaths annually.

    • But because society has been slow to recognise the link between how human
    activities have increased the rates of greenhouse gases emissions that can cause the
    climate to change, emitters are generally not held responsible for controlling this form
    of pollution.

    • When the pollution cost from the release of greenhouse gases is not imposed on
    emitters, these costs are thus ‘externalised’ to society, representing what economists
    describe as a ‘market failure’.

    • Society bears these costs as greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere, which
    is described a ‘global commons’ as everyone shares and has the right to ‘use’ it.
    Applying the principle through a carbon
    tax or emissions trading system
    • The polluter pays principle can be applied to greenhouse gas emitters through a
    so-called ‘carbon price’.
    • This imposes a charge on the emission of greenhouse gases equivalent to the
    corresponding potential cost caused through future climate change, forcing
    emitters to take on, or internalise, the cost of pollution. This is called the Social
    Cost of Carbon (SCC), which many mainstream economists consider to be the best
    method for pricing carbon.
    • it can be calibrated to achieve a certain emissions target by a specific date, such as
    net zero by 2050. This is commonly referred to as a ‘target consistent’ approach.
    • Under both approaches, a financial incentive is created for a polluting entity (such
    as a factory) to reduce its emissions.
    The carbon price can make the polluter pay
    through two different policy instruments:
    • a carbon tax, where the price of pollution is determined by the rate of the tax for
    each tonne of greenhouse gas emitted.

    • The second is through a quota-based system, often referred to as a cap-and-trade


    , or emissions trading system. This sets a cap, or limit, on the maximum level of
    emissions for a given time period and distributes permits or allowances for each
    unit of greenhouse gas among firms that produce emissions. Some firms find it
    easier or cheaper to reduce emissions than others, and can thus sell permits to
    firms for whom the cost for reducing emissions is much higher. Therefore,
    emissions trading takes place between high-cost and low-cost polluters, thereby
    determining the price of a polluting permit. The polluters have ‘paid’ through
    ensuring they have enough permits to cover their total emissions for a given year.
    PARIS AGREEMENT
    • 200 yrs back…law of nature, cycle of rhythm same for million yrs.
    • 1800, Industrial Revolution, Energy generation caused massive CO2
    release

    • EXTREME WEATHERS…..DEATH
    • The Paris Agreement /Paris Accords/Paris Climate
    Accords, is an international treaty on climate change.

    • Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers 


    climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance.

    • As of September 2022, 194 members of the 


    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Cha
    nge
     (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement.
    • Of the four UNFCCC member states which have not ratified
     the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United
    States withdrew from the Agreement in 2020, but rejoined in
    2021.

    • Emissions should be reduced as soon as possible and reach 


    net-zero by the middle of the 21st century.

    • To stay below 1.5 °C of global warming, emissions need to be


    cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This is an aggregate of each
    country's nationally determined contributions.
    AIM
    • Reduce GW below 2° C preferably 1.5 compared 280 ppm (preindustrial era)
    ….how?

    • Largest gathering of world leaders ever seen

    • 5 yr cycle of CLIMATE ACTION

    • 2020…communicate their plans; NATIONALLY DETERMINED


    CONTRIBUTIONS.

    • No binding, no mechanism to force nations to set limitation values


    HOW
    • Steps they will take to reduce….
    • Build resilience to adapt to the impacts of rising temperatures.
    • Finance flow
    KYOTO PROTOCOL
    • Adopted in 1997, implement/active in 2005.
    • 192 Signed
    • DEVELOPED COUNTRIES responsible
    • GHGs….phase out

    • Minimizing IMPACTS on DEVELOPING COUNTRIES by


    establishing ADAPTATION FUNDS for CLIMATE CHANGE
    ACTION.
    • Establishing commitments.
    • Establishing COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE to ENFORCE
    •The Kyoto Protocol applied to the seven greenhouse gases : carbon dioxide (CO2), 
    Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), 
    sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).

    •The Protocol was based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it
    acknowledged that individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate
    change, owing to economic development,.

    •The Protocol's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

    •Even though the 36 developed countries reduced their emissions, the global emissions
    increased by 32% from 1990 to 2010.

    •A second commitment period was agreed to in 2012 to extend the agreement to 2020, known
    as the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, in which 37 countries had binding targets: 
    Australia, the European Union (and its then 28 member states, now 27), Belarus, Iceland, 
    Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine.
    • Japan, New Zealand, and Russia had participated in Kyoto's first-round but did not
    take on new targets in the second commitment period.

    • Other developed countries without second-round targets were Canada (which


    withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States.

    • As of October 2020, 147[6][13] states had accepted the Doha Amendment. It entered


    into force on 31 December 2020, following its acceptance by the mandated
    minimum of at least 144 states, although the second commitment period ended on
    the same day.

    • Negotiations were held in the framework of the yearly UNFCCC Climate Change
    Conferences on measures to be taken after the second commitment period ended
    in 2020. This resulted in the 2015 adoption of the Paris Agreement, which is a
    separate instrument under the UNFCCC rather than an amendment of the Kyoto
    Protocol.
    • Has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi),
    1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (
    Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali)

    • Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to


    1980 levels between 2050 and 2070

    • Effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating


    regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors
    for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based
    on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so. 
    MONTREAL PROTOCOL
    • Septemeber 16 1987.

    • 3 Panels provide TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENTIFIC information required for good policy
    decisions for ozone protection.

    • CFCs……HFCs
    • CAUTION; (its GHGs…..10, 000 times more damaging than CO2)….being phased out now.

    • Detected OZONE HOLE 1985 over ANTARCTICA.

    • MOST Successful international treaty on date.

    • 197 countries.

    • 2050 Completely healed…..Inshallah


    LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
    • A Systems Approach to Environmental Management and
    Sustainability

    • to identify and quantify the potential impacts of a product or


    process throughout its life cycle.

    • An extensive, time consuming process. Involves establishing LC


    inventory.
    Why LCA?
    • To comply with regulations
    • Customers demand
    • an effective tool for assessing;

    • the resource use, environmental burdens, and human health impacts


    connected with the complete life cycle of products, processes, and activities.
    • This systems approach enables decision-makers to identify environmental hot
    spots, as well as improve industrial systems without shifting burdens
    elsewhere.
    • What started as an approach to compare the environmental goodness
    (greenness) of products has developed into a standardized method for
    providing a sound scientific basis for environmental sustainability in industry
    and government.
    Common goals for an LCA include:
    • establish a baseline of overall environmental impact
    • identify possible opportunities for improvement across the product life
    cycle
    • compare alternative manufacturing processes or supply chains
    • determine the environmental preferability among alternative product
    choices.
    • enable continuous product improvement (often with a concrete
    target, e.g., the new product must be x% less impactful than its
    predecessor while providing comparable performance).

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