ETAP 22

Short-Circuit ANSI
Short-Circuit Analysis
Types of SC Faults
•Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Three-Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
•IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all faults).
•In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G  .87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
Slide 2
Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
• A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
– Verify protective device close and latch capability

– Verify protective device Interrupting capability

– Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)

– I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)

– Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination

Slide 3
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Power Company Supply

• In-Plant Generators

• Transformers (using negative tolerance)

• Reactors (using negative tolerance)

• Feeder Cables and Bus Duct Systems (at

lower temperature limits)

Slide 4
System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Overhead Lines (at lower temperature limit)

• Synchronous Motors

• Induction Motors

• Protective Devices

• Y0 from Static Load and Line Cable

Slide 5
Elements That Contribute
Current to a Short-Circuit
• Generator
• Power Grid
• Synchronous Motors
• Induction Machines
• Lumped Loads
(with some % motor load)
• Inverters
• I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer
Slide 6
Elements Do Not Contribute
Current in PowerStation
• Static Loads

• Motor Operated Valves

• All Shunt Y Connected Branches

Slide 7
Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t) i(t)
v(t)  Vm  Sin( t   )

Slide 8
 v(t)
i(t)

di
v(t)  Ri  L  Vm  Sin(t   ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
- t
R
Vm Vm
i(t)   sin(t   -  )   sin( -  ) e L
Z Z
                 
Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)

Slide 9
AC Current (Symmetrical) with
No AC Decay

DC Current
AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)
Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )

AC Decay Current

Slide 12
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

Slide 13
ANSI Calculation Methods
1) The ANSI standards handle the AC Decay by varying
machine impedance during a fault.

ANSI

2) The ANSI standards handle the the dc

offset by applying multiplying factors. The
ANSI Terms for this current are:
•Momentary Current
•Close and Latch Current
•First Cycle Asymmetrical Current

Slide 14
Sources and Models of Fault
Currents in ANSI Standards
Sources
•Synchronous Generators
•Synchronous Motors & Condensers
•Induction Machines
•Electric Utility Systems (Power Grids)

Models
All sources are modeled by an internal
voltage behind its impedance.

E = Prefault Voltage
R = Machine Armature Resistance
X = Machine Reactance (X”d, X’d, Xd)

Slide 15
 Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators are modeled
in three stages.

Synchronous Motors &

Condensers
Act as a generator to supply fault
current. This current diminishes as the
magnetic field in the machine decays.

Induction Machines
Treated the same as synchronous
Synchronous Reactance
motors except they do not contribute to
Transient Reactance the fault after 2 sec.

Subtransient Reactance Electric Utility Systems

The fault current contribution tends to
remain constant.
Slide 16
 ½ Cycle Network

This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current

and protective device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault.

1 ½ to 4 Cycle Network

This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current

and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault.

30-Cycle Network

This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit

current and settings for over current relays after 30 cycles.

Slide 17
 Reactance Representation for
Utility and Synchronous Machine
 
½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4 Cycle 30 Cycle
 

X”d X”d X”d

Utility

X”d X”d X’d

Turbo Generator

Hydro-Gen with
X”d X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding

Hydro-Gen without
0.75*X”d 0.75*X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding

X”d X”d 
Condenser

Synchronous X”d 1.5*X”d 

Motor

Slide 18
 Reactance Representation for
Induction Machine
  ½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4
  Cycle

>1000 hp , <= 1800 X”d 1.5*X”d

rpm

>250, at 3600 rpm X”d 1.5*X”d

All others, >= 50 hp 1.2*X”d 3.0*X”d

< 50 hp 1.67*X”d


Note: X”d = 1 / LRCpu

Slide 19
 Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents
from Different Networks
  ½ Cycle Currents 1 ½ to 4 Cycle
(Subtransient Currents
Network) (Transient Network)

Closing and Interrupting

HV Circuit Breaker
Latching Capability
Capability
LV Circuit Breaker Interrupting Capability ---

---
Fuse Interrupting
Capability

SWGR / MCC Bus Bracing ---

Relay Instantaneous ---

Settings

30 Cycle currents are used for determining overcurrent settings.

Slide 20
Momentary Multiplying
Factor

MFm is calculated based on:

• Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)
• Location of fault (Remote / Local generation)
Comparisons of Momentary capability (1/2 Cycle)
  SC Current Duty Device Rating
 

HV CB Asymmetrical RMS C&L RMS

Crest C&L RMS

HV Bus Asymmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS

Crest Crest

LV Bus Symmetrical RMS Symmetrical RMS

Asymmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS
Slide 21
Interrupting Multiplying
Factor

MFi is calculated based on:

• Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)
• Location of Fault (Remote / Local
generation)
• Type and Rating of CB
Comparisons of Interrupting Capability (1 ½ to 4
Cycle)
 
  SC Current Duty Device Rating

Adj. Symmetrical RMS* Adj. Symmetrical RMS*

HV CB

Adj. Symmetrical RMS*** Symmetrical RMS

LV CB & Fuse

Slide 22
HV CB Closing and
Latching Duty

Calculate ½ Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using ½ Cycle Network.

• Calculate X/R ratio and Multiplying factor MFm

• Imom, rms, Asym = MFm * Imom, rms, sym

Slide 23
HV CB Interrupting Duty

Calculate 1½ to 4 Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using ½ Cycle Network.

• Determine Local and Remote contributions (A “local” contribution is

fed predominantly from generators through no more than one
transformation or with external reactances in series that is less than
1.5 times generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the
contribution is defined as “remote”).

• Calculate no AC Decay ratio (NACD) and multiplying factor MFi

NACD = IRemote / ITotal

ITotal = ILocal + IRemote

(NACD = 0 if all local & NACD = 1 if all remote)

• Calculate Iint, rms, adj = MFi * Iint, rms, Symm

Slide 24
HV CB Interrupting
Capability
• CB Interrupting kA varies between Max kA and Rated kA
as applied kV changes – MVAsc capability.

• ETAP’s comparison between CB Duty of Adj.

Symmetrical kA and CB capability of Adjusted Int. kA
verifies both symmetrical and asymmetrical rating.

• The Option of C37.010-1999 standard allows user to

specify CPT.

• Generator CB has higher DC rating and is always

compared against maximum through SC kA.

Slide 25
LV CB Interrupting Duty

• LV CB take instantaneous action.

• Calculate ½ Cycle current Irms, Symm (I’f) from the ½

cycle network.

• Calculate X/R ratio and MFi (based on CB type).

• Calculate adjusted interrupting current Iadj, rms, symm =

MFi * Irms, Symm

Slide 26
 Fuse Interrupting Duty

Calculate ½ Cycle current Iint, rms, symm from ½ Cycle Network.

• Same procedure to calculate Iint, rms, asymm as for CB.

Slide 27
L-G Faults

Slide 28
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

Slide 29
Sequence Networks

Slide 30
L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

If  3  Ia 0
3  VPr efault
If 
Z1  Z 2  Z0
if Zg  0

Slide 31
L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections

I a 2   I a1
3  VPr efault
If 
Z1  Z 2

Slide 32
L-L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

I a 2  I a1  I a 0  0  I a
VPr efault
If 
 Z0 Z 2 
Z1   
 Z0  Z 2 
if Zg  0

Slide 33
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

Slide 34
Solid Grounded Devices
and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1  Z 2 & Z 0  Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3  I f 1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/ Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.

Slide 35
Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages

Slide 36
SC Study Case Info Page

Slide 39
SC Study Case Standard
Page

Slide 40
SC Study Case Adjustments
Page
Tolerance
Adjustments Length
Adjustments
•Transformer
Impedance •Cable Length
•Reactor •Transmission
Resistance Line Length
•Overload
Heater
Resistance
Temperature
Corrections
Adjust Fault •Transmission
Impedance Line Resistance
•L-G fault •Cable Resistance
Impedance

Slide 41
Tolerance Adjustments

Z 'Transformer  Z Transformer * (1  Tolerance )

Length'Cable  LengthCable * (1  Tolerance )
Length'TransmissionLine  LengthTransmissionLine * (1  Tolerance )

Positive tolerance value is used for IEC Minimum If calculation.

Negative tolerance value is used for all other calculations.

Adjustments can be applied Individually or Globally

Slide 42
Temperature Correction

(234.5  Tc )
R 'Copper '  RBASE *
(234.5  Tb )
(228.1  Tc )
R ' Alumi  RBASE *
(228.1  Tb)

RBASE  Resistance at base tempereature

R'  Resistance at operating temperature
Tb  Conductor base temperature in C
Tc  Conductor temperature limit in C

Temperature Correction can be applied

Individually or Globally
Slide 43
System for
SC Study Power Grid U1
X/R = 55 Gen1
Voltage Control
Design Setting:
%Pf = 85
MW = 4
Transformers Max Q = 9
T1 X/R Min Q = -3
PS =12
PT =12
ST =12
T2 X/R = 12

Lump1
Y open grounded
Short-Circuit Alerts
• Bus Alert

• Protective Device Alert

• Marginal Device Limit

Slide 45
Bus SC Rating
Type of Device Monitored Parameter Condition Reported

Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical

MV Bus (> 1000 Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA Bracing Crest
Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA Bracing Symmetrical
LV Bus (<1000Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical

Protective Device Rating

Device Type ANSI Monitored Parameters IEC Monitored Parameters

LVCB Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

Momentary C&L Making

Momentary C&L Crest kA N/A
HV CB
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

Fuse Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

SPDT Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making

SPST Switches Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making

Slide 46
 3-Phase Duty SC Results
Run a 3-phase Duty SC calculation for a
fault on Bus4. The display shows the
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current.
Unbalance Fault Calculation