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Transient Stability

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Vasudevan Kunjithapatham
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101 views18 pages

Transient Stability

Uploaded by

Vasudevan Kunjithapatham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ETAP 22

Transient Stability
Time Frame of Power System
Dynamic Phenomena

Slide 2
Introduction
• TS is also called Rotor Stability, Dynamic
Stability
• Electromechanical Phenomenon
• All synchronous machines must remain in
synchronism with one another
• TS is no longer only the utility’s concern
• Co-generation plants face TS problems

Slide 3
Introduction (cont’d)
• System protection requires consideration of:
Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
Critical Separation Time (CST)
Fast load transferring
Load Shedding
…

Slide 4
Causes of Instability
• Short-circuits
• Loss of utility connections
• Loss of a portion of in-plant generation
• Starting of a large motor
• Switching operations (lines or capacitors)
• Impact loading on motors
• Sudden large change in load and generation

Slide 5
Consequences of Instability
• Synchronous machine slip poles – generator
tripping
• Power swing
• Misoperation of protective devices
• Interruption of critical loads
• Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs
• Damage to equipment
• Area wide blackout
• …
Slide 6
Synchronous Machines
• Torque Equation (generator case)

T = mechanical torque
P = number of poles
air = air-gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
 = rotor angle

Slide 7
Synchronous Machines
(cont’d)
• Swing Equation

M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power

Slide 8
Rotor Angle Responses

• Case 1: Steady-state stable


• Case 2: Transient stable
• Case 3: Small-signal unstable
• Case 4: First swing unstable

Slide 9
Power and Rotor Angle
(Classical 2-Machine
Example)

Slide 10
Power and Rotor Angle
(cont’d)

Slide 11
Slipping Pole (Out-Of-Step)

Slide 12
Power System Stability
Limit
• Steady-State Stability Limit
 After small disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady state operating
condition identical or close to the pre-
disturbance
 Limit:  < 90

Slide 13
Power System Stability
Limit (con’d)
• Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
 After a severe disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady-state operating
condition without a prolonged loss of
synchronism
 Limit:  < 180 during swing

Slide 14
Generator Modeling

• Machine
Equivalent Model / Transient Model / Subtransient Model
• Exciter and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
• Prime Mover and Speed Governor
• Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Slide 15
Generator Modeling (con’d)
• Typical synchronous machine data

Slide 16
Solution to Stability
Problems
• Improve system design
 Increase synchronizing power
• Design and selection of rotating equipment
 Use of induction machines
 Increase moment of inertia
 Reduce transient reactance
 Improve voltage regulator and exciter
characteristics

Slide 17
Solution to Stability
Problems (con’d)
• Application of Power System Stabilizer
(PSS)
• Add system protections
 Fast fault clearance
 Load Shedding
 System separation

Slide 18

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