VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY

Python Application Programing-18EC646

Conditional execution
 VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

Module 1
• Topic 1: Why should you learn to write programs
• Topic 2: Variables, expressions and statements
• Topic 3: Conditional execution
• Topic 4: Functions
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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Topic 3 : Conditional execution

3.1 Boolean expressions
3.2 Logical operators
3.3 Conditional execution
3.4 Alternative execution
3.5 Chained conditionals
3.6 Nested conditionals
3.7 Catching exceptions using try and except
3.8 Short-circuit evaluation of logical expressions
3.9 Debugging
3.10 Exercises
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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3.1 Boolean expressions

A boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false. The following
examples use the operator ==, which compares two operands and produces True if they
are equal and False otherwise:
>>> 5 == 5
True
>>> 5 == 6
False
True and False are special values that belong to the class bool; they are not strings:
>>> type(True)
<class ‘bool’>
>>> type(False)
<class ‘bool’>
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3.1 Boolean expressions

The == operator is one of the comparison operators; the others are:
x != y # x is not equal to y
x > y # x is greater than y
x < y # x is less than y
x >= y # x is greater than or equal to y
x <= y # x is less than or equal to y
x is y # x is the same as y
x is not y # x is not the same as y
A common error is to use a single equal sign (=) instead of a double equal
sign (==). Remember that = is an assignment operator and == is a comparison
operator. There is no such thing as =< or =>.
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3.2 Logical operators

There are three logical operators: and, or, and not. The semantics (meaning) of these
operators is similar to their meaning in English. For example,
x > 0 and x < 10
is true only if x is greater than 0 and less than 10.
n%2 == 0 or n%3 == 0
is true if either of the conditions is true, that is, if the number is divisible by 2 or 3.
Finally, the not operator negates a boolean expression, so not (x > y) is true if x > y is
false; that is, if x is less than or equal to y.
Strictly speaking, the operands of the logical operators should be boolean expressions,
but Python is not very strict. Any nonzero number is interpreted as “true.”
>>> 17 and True
True
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3.3 Conditional execution

In order to write useful programs, we almost always need the
ability to check conditions and change the behavior of the
program accordingly. Conditional statements give us this ability.
The simplest form is the if statement:
if x > 0 :
print('x is positive')
The Boolean expression after the if statement is called the
condition. We end the if statement with a colon character (:) and
the line(s) after the if statement are indented.
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3.3 Conditional execution

If the logical condition is true, then the indented statement gets
executed. If the logical condition is false, the indented statement
is skipped.
if statements have the same structure as function definitions or
for loops1 .The statement consists of a header line that ends with
the colon character (:) followed by an indented block. Statements
like this are called compound statements because they stretch
across more than one line.
There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear in
the body, but there must be at least one.
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3.4 Alternative execution

A second form of the if statement is alternative execution, in which there are two possibilities
and the condition determines which one gets executed. The syntax looks like this:
if x%2 == 0 :
print('x is even')
else :
print('x is odd')

If the remainder when x is divided by 2 is 0, then we know that x is even, and the program
displays a message to that effect. If the condition is false, the second set of statements is
executed.
Since the condition must either be true or false, exactly one of the alternatives will be
executed. The alternatives are called branches, because they are branches in the flow of
execution.
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3.5 Chained conditionals

Sometimes there are more than two possibilities and we need more than two branches. One way to express a computation like that is a
chained conditional:
if x < y:
print('x is less than y')
elif x > y:
print('x is greater than y')
else:
print('x and y are equal')
elif is an abbreviation of “else if.” Again, exactly one branch will be executed.
There is no limit on the number of elif statements. If there is an else clause, it has to be at the end, but there doesn’t have to be one.
if choice == 'a':
print('Bad guess')
elif choice == 'b':
print('Good guess')
elif choice == 'c':
print('Close, but not correct')
Each condition is checked in order. If the first is false, the next is checked, and so on. If one of them is true, the
corresponding branch executes, and the statement ends. Even if more than one condition is true, only the first
true branch executes
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3.6 Nested conditionals

One conditional can also be nested within another. We could have written the three-branch
example like this:
if x == y:
print('x and y are equal')
else: if x < y:
print('x is less than y')
else:
print('x is greater than y’)
The outer conditional contains two branches. The first branch contains a simple statement.
The second branch contains another if statement, which has two branches of its own. Those
two branches are both simple statements, although they could have been conditional
statements as well
Although the indentation of the statements makes the structure apparent, nested conditionals become difficult to
read very quickly. In general, it is a good idea to avoid them when you can.
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3.6 Nested conditionals

Logical operators often provide a way to simplify nested conditional
statements. For example, we can rewrite the following code using a
single conditional:
if 0 < x:
if x < 10:
print('x is a positive single-digit number.')
The print statement is executed only if we make it past both
conditionals, so we can get the same effect with the and operator:
if 0 < x and x < 10:
print('x is a positive single-digit number.')
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TECHNOLOGY

3.7 Catching exceptions using try and except

Earlier we saw a code segment where we used the input and int functions to read and parse an
integer number entered by the user. We also saw how treacherous doing this could be:
>>> prompt = "What is the air velocity of an unladen swallow?\n"
>>> speed = input(prompt)
What is the air velocity of an unladen swallow?
What do you mean, an African or a European swallow?
>>> int(speed)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10:
A sample program to convert a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius temperature:
inp = input('Enter Fahrenheit Temperature: ')
fahr = float(inp)
cel = (fahr - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0
print(cel)
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3.7 Catching exceptions using try and except

If we execute this code and give it invalid input, it simply fails with an
unfriendly error message:
python fahren.py
Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:72
22.22222222222222
python fahren.py
Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:fred
Traceback (most recent call last): File "fahren.py", line 2, in <module>
fahr = float(inp)
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fred'
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

3.7 Catching exceptions using try and except

You can think of the try and except feature in Python as an “insurance policy” on a sequence of statements. We can rewrite our
temperature converter as follows:
inp = input('Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:')
try:
fahr = float(inp)
cel = (fahr - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0
print(cel)
except:
print('Please enter a number')
Python starts by executing the sequence of statements in the try block. If all goes well, it skips the except block and proceeds. If
an exception occurs in the try block, Python jumps out of the try block and executes the sequence of statements in the except
block.
python fahren2.py
Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:72
22.22222222222222
python fahren2.py
Enter Fahrenheit Temperature:fred
Please enter a number
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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3.8 Short-circuit evaluation of logical expressions

When Python is processing a logical expression such as
x >= 2 and (x/y) > 2,
it evaluates the expression from left to right. Because of the definition of and, if x is less
than 2, the expression x >= 2 is False and so the whole expression is False regardless of
whether (x/y) > 2 evaluates to True or False.
When Python detects that there is nothing to be gained by evaluating the rest of a logical
expression, it stops its evaluation and does not do the computations in the rest of the
logical expression. When the evaluation of a logical expression stops because the overall
value is already known, it is called short-circuiting the evaluation.
While this may seem like a fine point, the short-circuit behavior leads to a clever
technique called the guardian pattern. Consider the following code sequence in the
Python interpreter:
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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3.8 Short-circuit evaluation of logical expressions

>>> x = 6
>>> y = 2
>>> x >= 2 and (x/y) > 2
True
>>>x = 1
>>> y = 0
>>> x >= 2 and (x/y) > 2
False
>>> x = 6
>>> y = 0
>>> x >= 2 and (x/y) > 2
Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1,
in ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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3.8 Short-circuit evaluation of logical expressions

The third calculation failed because Python was evaluating (x/y) and y was zero, which causes a runtime error. But
the first and the second examples did not fail because the first part of these expressions x >= 2 evaluated to False so
the (x/y) was not ever executed due to the short-circuit rule and there was no error.
We can construct the logical expression to strategically place a guard evaluation just before the evaluation that
might cause an error as follows:
>>> x = 1
>>> y = 0
>>> x >= 2 and y != 0 and (x/y) > 2
False
>>> x = 6
>>> y = 0
>>> x >= 2 and y != 0 and (x/y) > 2
False
>>> x >= 2 and (x/y) > 2 and y != 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
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3.8 Short-circuit evaluation of logical expressions

In the first logical expression, x >= 2 is False so the evaluation
stops at the and.
In the second logical expression, x >= 2 is True but y != 0 is False so
we never reach (x/y).
In the third logical expression, the y != 0 is after the (x/y)
calculation so the expression fails with an error.
In the second expression, we say that y != 0 acts as a guard to
insure that we only execute (x/y) if y is non-zero.
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3.9 Debugging
The traceback Python displays when an error occurs contains a lot of information, but it
can be overwhelming. The most useful parts are usually:
• What kind of error it was, and
• Where it occurred.
Syntax errors are usually easy to find, but there are a few gotchas. Whitespace errors can
be tricky because spaces and tabs are invisible and we are used to ignoring them.
>>> x = 5
>>> y = 6
File "", line 1 y = 6 ^ IndentationError: unexpected indent
In this example, the problem is that the second line is indented by one space. But the
error message points to y, which is misleading. In general, error messages indicate where
the problem was discovered, but the actual error might be earlier in the code, sometimes
on a previous line.
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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Exercises
Exercise 1: Rewrite your pay computation to give the employee 1.5 times the hourly rate for hours worked above 40
hours.
Enter Hours: 45
Enter Rate: 10
Pay: 475.0
Exercise 2: Rewrite your pay program using try and except so that your program handles non-numeric input gracefully by
printing a message and exiting the program. The following shows two executions of the program:
Enter Hours: 20
Enter Rate: nine
Error, please enter numeric input

Enter Hours: forty

Error, please enter numeric input
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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Exercises
hours = input('Enter Hours:')
try:
hours = int(hours)
try:
rate=input('Enter rate:')
rate= float(rate)
pay = hours*rate
print(pay)
except:
print('Please enter a number')
except:
print('Please enter a number')
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering OF ENGINEERING &
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Exercises
Exercise 3: Write a program to prompt for a score between 0.0 and 1.0. If the score is out of range, print an error message. If the
score is between 0.0 and 1.0, print a grade using the following table:
Score Grade
>= 0.9 A
>= 0.8 B
>= 0.7 C
>= 0.6 D
< 0.6 F
Enter score: 0.95
A
Enter score: perfect
Bad score
Enter score: 10.0
Bad score
Enter score: 0.75
C
Enter score: 0.5
F
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Exercises

score=input('enter the score:')

try:
score=float(score)
grade=[]
if score>0.1 and score<1.0:
if score>= 0.9:
grade="A"
elif score>=0.8:
grade="B"
elif score>=0.7:
grade="C"
elif score>=0.6:
grade="E"
elif score<0.6:
grade="F"
print(grade)
else:
print("BAD Score")
except:
print("Bad Score")