Basic Database Concepts

Database system is an excellent computer-based record-keeping system.

A collection of data, commonly called a database, contains information
about a particular enterprise.
It maintains any information that may necessary to the decision-making
process involved in the management of that organization.
A database should be a repository of data needed for an organization's
data processing. That data should be accurate, private, and protected
from damage.
Advantages of Database
• Database minimizes data redundancy to a great extent.
• The database can control the inconsistency of data to a large extent.
• Sharing of data is also possible using the database.
• Database enforce standards.
• The use of Databases can ensure data security.
• Integrity can be managed using the database.
• Reduces database data redundancy to a great extent
• The database can control data inconsistency to a great extent
• The database facilitates sharing of data.
• Database enforce standards.
• The database can ensure data security.
• Integrity can be maintained through databases.
Disadvantages of Database 
• Security may be compromised without good controls.
• Integrity may be compromised without good controls.
• Extra hardware may be required
• Performance overhead may be significant.
• The system is likely to be complex.
DBMS architecture
• DBMS architecture describes the structure and how the users are
connected to a specific database system.
• they are classified into three types based on their build architecture:
• One-Tier Architecture. ...
• Two-Tier Architecture. ...
• Three-Tier Architecture. 
one tier architecture in dbms
• In 1-tier architecture, the data is directly provided to the user and that
user can directly use the database through the computer.
• Any changes or updates that are done will reflect directly to the
database.
two tier architecture in dbms
• In a two-tier architecture, the client is on the first tier. The database
server and web application server reside on the same server machine,
which is the second tier
• This second tier serves the data and executes the business logic for
the web application.
Three tier architecture in dbms
• he 3-tier architecture contains one more layer between the client and
the server.
• In this architecture, there is no direct communication between client
and server.
• Mainly, the 3-tier is used for large applications on the web.
• The features of 3-tier architecture are data backup, recovery, security,
and concurrency control.
Layers

• The 3-tier architecture consists of the three layers as follows −

• Presentation layer − This layer is also called the client layer. The front-
end layer consists of a user interface. The main purpose is to
communicate with the application layer.
• Application layer − This layer is also called the business logic layer. It
acts as a middle layer between the client and the database server
which are used to exchange partially processed data.
• Database layer − In this layer the data or information is stored. This
layer performs operations like insert, update and delete to connect
with the database.
ER Model - Basic Concepts
• ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It is a high-level
data model.
• This model is used to define the data elements and relationship for a
specified system.
• The ER model defines the conceptual view of a database.
• It works around real-world entities and the associations among them.
• The ER model is considered a good option for designing databases.
Component of ER Diagram
1. Entity:

• An entity may be any object, class, person or place. In the ER diagram,

an entity can be represented as rectangles.
• Consider an organization as an example- manager, product, employee,
department etc. can be taken as an entity.
a. Weak Entity

• An entity that depends on another entity called a weak entity. The

weak entity doesn't contain any key attribute of its own. The weak
entity is represented by a double rectangle.
2. Attribute

• The attribute is used to describe the property of an entity. Eclipse is

used to represent an attribute.
• For example, id, age, contact number, name, etc. can be attributes of
a student.
a. Key Attribute

• The key attribute is used to represent the main characteristics of an

entity. It represents a primary key. The key attribute is represented by
an ellipse with the text underlined.
b. Composite Attribute

• An attribute that composed of many other attributes is known as a

composite attribute. The composite attribute is represented by an
ellipse, and those ellipses are connected with an ellipse.
c. Multivalued Attribute
• An attribute can have more than one value. These attributes are
known as a multivalued attribute. The double oval is used to
represent multivalued attribute.
• For example, a student can have more than one phone number.
d. Derived Attribute

• An attribute that can be derived from other attribute is known as a

derived attribute. It can be represented by a dashed ellipse.
• For example, A person's age changes over time and can be derived
from another attribute like Date of birth.
3. Relationship

• A relationship is used to describe the relation between entities.

Diamond or rhombus is used to represent the relationship.
Types of relationship are as follows:
• a. One-to-One Relationship
• b. One-to-many relationship
• c. Many-to-one relationship
• d. Many-to-many relationship
a. One-to-One Relationship

• When only one instance of an entity is associated with the

relationship, then it is known as one to one relationship.
• For example, A female can marry to one male, and a male can marry
to one female.
b. One-to-many relationship

• When only one instance of the entity on the left, and more than one
instance of an entity on the right associates with the relationship then
this is known as a one-to-many relationship.
• For example, Scientist can invent many inventions, but the invention
is done by the only specific scientist.
c. Many-to-one relationship
• When more than one instance of the entity on the left, and only one
instance of an entity on the right associates with the relationship then
it is known as a many-to-one relationship.
• For example, Student enrolls for only one course, but a course can
have many students.
d. Many-to-many relationship

• When more than one instance of the entity on the left, and more than
one instance of an entity on the right associates with the relationship
then it is known as a many-to-many relationship.
• For example, Employee can assign by many projects and project can
have many employees.
Types of Databases
1) Centralized Database

• It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database

system. It comforts the users to access the stored data from different
locations through several applications. These applications contain the
authentication process to let users access data securely. An example
of a Centralized database can be Central Library that carries a central
database of each library in a college/university.
2) Distributed Database

• The Distributed systems, data is distributed among different database

systems of an organization. These database systems are connected via
communication links. Such links help the end-users to access the data
easily. 

• Examples of the Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase,

Ignite, etc.
 Diagram:

•Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating system and use the same
application process and carry the same hardware devices.

•Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating systems under different
application procedures, and carries different hardware devices.
3) Relational Database

• The relational model means that the logical data structures—the data

tables, views, and indexes—are separate from the physical storage
structures. 
4) NoSQL Database
Non-SQL/Not
• NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and
store data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in
a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are
document, key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible
schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user
loads.
5) Cloud Database

• A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and

executes over the cloud computing platform. It provides users with
various cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing
the database. There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best
options are:
• Types of Cloud Computing
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) ...
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) ...
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
6) Object-oriented Databases

• The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach
for storing data in the database system. The data is represented and
stored as objects which are similar to the objects used in the object-
oriented programming language.
7) Hierarchical Databases

• It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-

children relationship nodes. Here, it organizes data in a tree-like
structure.