Embedded System

Chapter 3
Embedded Programs
Destaw M

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 Outlines
 Introduction
 PIC18F4520 instruction set
 Fundamentals of assembly language and linking
 Interrupt

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 Introduction
 Instruction Set
Group of instruction computer can recognize
and execute
are represented in binary (machine code)
 A program
is a sequence of instructions drawn from the
instruction set and combined to perform specific
operation

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 Introduction cont…
How to program
Machine code
Uses the binary equivalent of the instructions
Slow, tedious, and error‐prone
Example
00 0111 0001 0101

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 Introduction cont…
How to program
Assembly language
Each instruction is given a mnemonic
A program called Assembler converts to
machine code
slow and inefficient for large and complex
programs
Examples
ADDFW NUM, w

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 Introduction cont…
How to program
High‐level language
Use English‐like commands to program
Compiler converts to machine code
Easy !!
The program could be inefficient !
Example
for (i=0; i<10; i++) sum += a[i];

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set
Standard instruction set => 75
Extended instructions => 8
for optimization
Standard Instruction set
Use single program memory word => 16
bits
the16-bit word is divided into
an opcode, which specifies the instruction type
one or more operands, which further specify
7 the operation of the instruction.
 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
Grouped as
1. Byte-oriented operations
2. Bit-oriented operations
3. Literal operations
4. Control operation

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
1. Byte oriented instructions
 have three operands
1. The file register (specified by ‘f’)
 specifies which file register is to be used by the instruction.
2. The destination of the result (specified by ‘d’)
 specifies where the result of the operation is to be placed
 If ‘d’ is zero, result on the WREG register.
 If ‘d’ is one, result in the file register
3. The accessed memory (specified by ‘a’)
 RAM access bit
 a = 0: Access RAM (BSR register is ignored)
 a = 1: BSR register

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
Example
ADDWF f, d, a

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
2. bit-oriented instructions
have three operands:
1. The file register (specified by ‘f’)
2. The bit in the file register (specified by
‘b’)
 selects the number of the bit affected by the
operation
3. The accessed memory (specified by ‘a’)

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
Example
BSF f, bit, a

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
3. The literal instructions
Operands can be
 A literal value to be loaded into a file register
 specified by ‘k’
 desired FSR register to load the literal value
 specified by ‘f’
 No operand required
 specified by ‘—’)
Example MOVLW 7Fh

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
4.The control instructions
Operands can be:
 A program memory address
 specified by ‘n
 mode of the CALL or RETURN instructions
 specified by ‘s’
mode of the table read and table write instructions
 specified by ‘m’
No operand required
 specified by ‘—’

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…

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 PIC18F4520 Instruction Set cont…
Reading assignment
PIC18F4520 Datasheet , Instruction set summary, pages
267 - 315

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 MPLAB Definition
is a command-line or GUI application
provides a platform for developing assembly language
code for Microchip's PIC1X
Download for free from Microchip

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 MPLAB Assembler
The MPASM assembler can be used in two ways:
 generate absolute code that can be executed directly by
a microcontroller.
 generate relocatable code that can be linked with other
separately assembled or compiled modules.

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 Generating Absolute code
all variables and routines must be defined within that
source file
a hex file will be generated, containing the executable
machine code
the default output from the MPASM assembler.

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 Generating relocatable code
Combine two or more code to create one final
executable code
very useful for creating reusable modules

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 Cont.…..
Compilers
translate programs written in some human-readable
language into an equivalent set of opcodes for a
particular processor
In that sense, an assembler is a light weight compilers
Linkers
The linker will join all object files resulted from the
compiler, assemblers and library files and produce a
single re-locatable files.

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 Source code
 Each line of the source file may contain up to four
types of information:
1. Labels
2. Mnemonics, Directives and Macros
3. Operands
4. Comments

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 Project creation in MPLAB IDE
Open MPLAB

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 Project-> Project wizard

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 Click next and select the device family

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 Click next and select MPASM Assembler

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 Then, browse the location of your project in appropriate place

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 Then you get the following and click next

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 Then click build

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 Create Assembly code
Put the file under sample_project-> source Files
Write a program which will get constant from working
register and display the number on PORTB . Assume
your going to use PIC18F4520

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 PORTB initialization
More on Datasheet for PIC18F4520, Page 108 - 110

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 Sample code

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 Cont’d

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 LED flashing

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 For more on assembly programming
PIC programming for Beginners, Mark Spencer

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 Interrupt
What is it?
Consider student working in a lab and also expected to
answer phone call.
 Normal / regular work -> the lab work
 Interrupt -> phone call
 Problem -> it interrupt from regular work
 Overhead -> time it take to respond to the call
 Short overhead or
 Large overhead
o Call can be missed
 Overall performance can be reduced
o Incase of multiple interrupts

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 Define Interrupt
An interrupt is an event that will stop processor from
current processing and switch to a different instruction
Event can be generated
Internally or
Externally
may or may not return to its original processing
Can be multiple
Source can be
Hardware or
software

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 Interrupt structure

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 Advantages of interrupt
 modularization
background work where tasks are performed
while waiting for an interrupt and
 foreground work where tasks are performed in
response to interrupts
Execution time
Advantageous for complex application

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 Disadvantage
Coding complexity for interrupt service
routines
ƒExtra hardware needed
ƒI/O device must generate an interrupt
request

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 Interrupt sources
Internal interrupts
generated by on-chip peripherals
serial and parallel ports
allow the priority level to be adjusted
Can be masked out or disabled altogether
External interrupts
Generated from external peripherals to the
processor
Through external pins that are connected to
peripherals
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 Types of interrupt
Two types :
1. Maskable interrupts
can be enabled/disabled by
setting/clearing some bits
2. Non‐maskable interrupts
can not be disabled
 they always interrupt the processor
Higher priority
Example reset, power off

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 Interrupt detection
Edge triggered
clock edge is used to generate the interrupt
from a logical high to low or vice versa

Level triggered
dependent on the logic level
sampled on a regular basis then compare with
logic level

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 Steps in executing an interrupt
Upon activation of interrupt the microcontroller
Finishes executing the current instruction
Pushes the PC of next instruction in the stack
Jumps to the interrupt vector table to get the
address of ISR and jumps to it
Begin executing the ISR instructions to the last
instruction of ISR (RETFIE)
Executes RETFIE
Pops the PC from the stack
Starts to execute from the address of that PC

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 PIC18F4520 interrupts
have multiple interrupt sources
TIMER 0, 1, 2 , external source, counter , ……..
an interrupt priority feature
Low priority
High priority
Ten register to control it
 RCON
 INTCON
 INTCON2
 INTCON3
 PIR1, PIR2
 PIE1, PIE2
 IPR1, IPR2

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 PIC18F4520 interrupts
Interrupt vector table
holds the address of ISRs
Power-on Reset 0000h
High priority interrupt
0008h
Low priority interrupt
0018h

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 PIC18F4520 interrupts
three bits to control their operation
 Flag bit
to indicate that an interrupt event occurred
 Enable bit
that allows program execution to branch to the
interrupt vector address when the flag bit is set
 Priority bit
to select high priority or low priority

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 PIC18F4520 interrupt
Priority enable by IPEN bit (RCON<7>).
IPEN = 0 BY default
IPEN = 1 when to use priority
Global interrupt enable
GIEH bit (INTCON<7>)
enables all interrupts that have high priority
GIEL bit (INTCON<6>)
enables all interrupts that have low priority

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 RCON register
contains flag bits which are used to determine the
cause of the last Reset or wake-up from Idle or Sleep
modes.
contains the IPEN bit which enables interrupt priorities

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 INTCON Registers
contain various enable, priority and flag bits.

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 INTCON Registers

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 PIR (peripheral Interrupt Request) registers
Contain the individual flag bits for the peripheral
interrupts
There are two Peripheral Interrupt Request Flag
registers
PIR1 and PIR2

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 PIE(Peripheral Interrupt Enable ) registers
Contain the individual enable bits for the peripheral
interrupts.
There are two Peripheral Interrupt Enable registers
PIE1 and PIE2.
 When IPEN = 0, the PEIE bit must be set to enable
any of these peripheral interrupts.

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 IPR(Peripheral Interrupt Priority ) registers
contain the individual priority bits for the peripheral
interrupts.
there are two Peripheral Interrupt Priority registers
IPR1 and IPR2.

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 Steps in enabling an interrupt
Set the GIE bit from INTCON REG
Set the IE bit for that interrupt
If the interrupt is one of the peripheral (timers 1,2 ,
serial, etc ) set PEIE bit from INTCON reg

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 Program organization in MPLAB X

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 What is difference between interrupt and function call?
Difference between RETFIE and RETURN?

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 Quiz (5 marks max)
Write an assembly code which will add two constants ,
let say 0xAA and 0x07 and send output through
PORTA. Assume you are going to program it on
PIC18F4520. Use datasheet for PORTA
Configurations.

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