Data Manipulation

Language
Week 8
 Recap
• In the previous lesson, we discussed:
• SQL
• The categories of SQL commands
• SQL statement to define database structures
 Recap – syntax
• Create a database
• CREATE database databasename;
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE TableName
( AttributeName Domain [ Constraint ] ........
AttributeName Domain [ Constraint ] [ OtherConstraints ] );
 Recap -syntax
• Alter table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column-definition;
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_type;
ALTER TABLE table_name  
RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;  
 Recap
• Drop a database
DROP DATABASE database_name;  
• Drop a table
DROP TABLE table_name;  
• TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;  
Recap Activity
• Given the values for the attributes,
what datatypes can you assign for
each of the given attributes
• Create this table, Student
• We will use this table for
illustrations in this lesson.
 Objectives
• By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
• Understand the DML commands
• Write DML statements to manipulate database objects
• Use the SELECT command
• Use appropriate operators to manipulate the database objects
 Data Manipulation Language

• Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the part of SQL used to manipulate

data within objects of a relational database.
• it is used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a database
• The most basic DML commands:
• INSERT - insert data into a table
• UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
• DELETE - Delete all records from a database table
8
 Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME     • The INSERT statement is used to insert data into a
row in a table, use one of these
(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)  
• The list of values must match the table structure
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);  exactly in the number of attributes and the data
INSERT INTO Student type of each attribute.
• Tablename- is the table you want to insert data
VALUES (122929, ‘F’, ”John”);
into
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME     • Columnname- name of column as defined in the
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);  table
• Values- the value you want to insert into that
column
 Data Manipulation Language
• Insert the details of John James with studentnumber 22226789 into the
Students table

Studentno Given_Name Last_Name

• Write all possible statements to achieve this task

 Data Manipulation Language
INSERT INTO Student values
(22226789, “John”, “James”);

INSERT INTO Student (Studentno,Given_Name, Last_Name)

Values (22226789,”John”,”James”);
 Data Manipulation Language
• UPDATE table_name • This command is used to update or
SET column1 = value1, column2 = v modify the value of a column in the
alue2,column = valuen; table.

• UPDATE table_name • To update all column values, exclude

SET column1 = value1, column2 = v the where clause from the statement
alue2, ... • To WHERE statement indicates the
WHERE condition; condition that needs to be met for the
update to take place
 Data Manipulation Language
• We use operators to formulate the WHERE clause
• Can use comparison operators:
• = , <> equals,
• not-equals (!= also usually supported)
• <= less than, less or equal >,
• >= greater than, greater or equal
• Can refer to any attribute in FROM clause
• Can include arithmetic expressions in comparison
 Data Manipulation Language
• To update John James student number to 12345678, we can use the
following statement
UPDATE Student
SET Studentno =12345678
WHERE Studentno = 22226789;
 Data Manipulation Language
• Can use comparison operators: • We use operators to formulate the
• = , <> equals, WHERE clause

• not-equals (!= also usually • Can refer to any attribute in

supported) FROM clause

• <= less than, less or equal >, • Can include arithmetic

expressions in comparison
• >= greater than, greater or equal
 Data Manipulation Language
• Can use AND, OR, NOT in WHERE • AND- both conditions must be
clause
satisfied for update to take place
• UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, • OR - one of the specified
... conditions must be true for the
WHERE condition1 AND condition2; update to take place
• UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2,
• NOT- all conditions must be false
... for the update to take place
WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
 Data Manipulation Language
• The DELETE statement is used to delete data stored in a table.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• Table name represents the table where data is to be deleted

• The where statement indicates the condition that needs to be met for the delete to take place
• Excluding the where command indicates that you want to delete content of every column in
the table
 Data Manipulation Language
• Write a statement to delete the details of John James with student number
12345678 from the list of students
 Data Manipulation Language
• Given the following tables, • write SQL statements to
• Course • Create the table and insert the details
courseId Description Duration
Pk courseId
varchar(7) CSC100S Introduction 3
Description varchar(30) SAD210S Analysis and 2
Design
Duration int
• Change the duration of SAD210S to
5
Activity
• Write all possible SQL statements
to populate the table Student (you
created as a recap activity when
class started)
 SELECT
• To retrieve data from the database we can use the SELECT command
• SELECT will retrieve information from the database that matches the specified
criteria using the SELECT/FROM/WHERE framework.
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
• When you want to retrieve data based on certain criteria, the WHERE clause comes
in handy allowing you to specify the condition.
 SELECT
• A query pulls information from one or more relations and creates (temporarily)
a new relation.
• A SQL query is a “select-from-where” expression
• Nested subqueries are “select-from-where” expressions embedded within
another query.
• This allows a query to:
• Create a new relation
• Feed information to another query (as a “sub-query”)
 SELECT …WHERE
SELECT col1,col2,…coln • SELECT studentno, Given_name
FROM tablename; FROM Student;
SELECT col1,col2,…coln SELECT studentno, Given_name
FROM tablename FROM Student
WHERE condition; WHERE studentno = 12345678;
 SELECT Statement
• To show all of the column values • What do you think will be the
for the rows that match the result of executing this query?
specified criteria, use an asterisk
( * ). SELECT *
SELECT * FROM Student;
FROM tablename;
 Next Lecture & resources
• More SQL commands
• Various CLAUSES we can use with SELECT
• How to extract data from more than one relation, joins
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyG9Nj2HDxI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx6m8ABU4ZE
 Practicals
• SQL statements to manipulate the database
• Lab 9
• Attend practical sessions
 References
• David M. Kroenke And David J. Auer (2013) Database Concepts, 6th
Edition.
• Java Point SQL Tutorial [online] available at
https://www.javatpoint.com/sql-tutorial