BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KHUZDAR

Computer Networks
BS Software Engineering Department
5th Semester
Engr Mohammad Nawaz Mirwani
Department of Computer Systems Engineering & Sciences

Lecture 1
 Course Learning Outcomes

After completing this course the student must demonstrate the knowledge and
ability to:

• Independently understand basic concepts of computer networking and its

technology.
• Understand and explain Data Communications System and its components.
• Differentiate among types of network topologies and protocols.
• Comprehend the layers and explain function(s) of the OSI model and TCP/IP.
• Figure out different types of network devices and their functions
• Understand and differentiate between various switching techniques
• Understanding of IPv4 and IPv6, IP addressing and subnetting
• Familiarize with the basic protocols of computer networks, and how they can
be used to assist in network design and implementation.
• Be introduced to advanced networking concepts, preparing the student for
entry in Advanced courses in computer networking.
 Recommended Books

• Data Communications and Networking, by

Behrouz A. Forouzan, 5th edition or latest

• Computer Networks, by Andrew S.

Tanenbaum, 5th Edition or latest, Prentice Hall

• Data and Computer Communications, by

William Stallings 9th Edition or latest
Outline of the Lecture

Understanding the basics of

01 Networking & Communication

02 Modes of Data Transmission

Simplex, Half Duplex, Duplex

03 Network Types
With respect to geographical location
 Understanding the basics of
Networking & Communication
 Data & Information

Data: Information:
• Raw facts and figures • Processed data is called
• Incomplete information information
• Meaningful data is
• Useless & meaningless
called Information
information

Example
 Network

• Two or more devices/computers connected together by a

medium such that they are sharing data & resources.
• The resources can be files, software's, printers, hard­-drives,
CPU etc.
The earth is connected with the help of an
intricate network
 Main Purpose of Networking

• Sharing
c devices/hardware such as printers saves money.

• Sharing
c software hence likely to receive cheaper licenses than
buying standalone licenses

• Sharing
c of data/files can be easier.
Communication
 Data Communication

• Transfer/exchange of data or information between a source

and a receiver via some form of transmission medium.
• The source transmits the data and the receiver receives it.
• Data Communication also includes preservation/security
of the data during the transfer process.
• The purpose of Data Communications is to provide the
rules and regulations that allow computers with different
operating systems, languages, cabling and locations to
share resources. The rules and regulations are called
protocols and standards in Data Communications
Communication Model
 Components of Communication
System

Source/ Sender/Transmitter : It is the transmitter of data.

Examples : Terminal, Computer, Mainframe

Medium/Channel: The communications stream through which

the data is being transmitted.
Examples : Cabling, Microwave, Fiber optics, Radio Frequencies
(RF), Infrared Wireless

Receiver/Destination : The receiver of the data transmitted.

Examples : Printer, Terminal, Mainframe, Computer.
 Communication & Inter-Process
Communication (IPC)

• Communication within the same machine/device is IPC. E.g.

On pressing a button in a computer system, the monitor
displays it (Keyboard is the sender and monitor is the
receiver).

• Networking is involved in communication when the

components of communication are present at distant places.

• These distances are an abstraction for the user no matter how

long the distances are. E.g. Retrieving data from your
Facebook account while sitting in Khuzdar, whereas, the
Facebook server might be present somewhere in USA
Outline of the Lecture
02 Modes of Data Transmission
Simplex, Half Duplex, Duplex
 Forms of Data
Data/Information can be in the following forms:
• Text
• Image
• Audio
• Video
 There are three ways or modes
for transmitting data from one
point to another, namely:

1.Simplex
2.Half Duplex
3.Duplex

Data Transmission
Modes / Data Com-
munication Modes
 Simplex Transmission
• In simplex, communication can
take place in only one direction
(unidirectional).
• Data is transmitted in one
direction only.
• Devices connected to such a
circuit is either a send only or
receive only device.
Drawback:

• Without this capability, the

remote user might never know if
the data does not reaches the
destination in case anything
goes wrong in the middle.
 Half Duplex
• Data can be transmitted in both
directions (bidirectional), but
only in one direction at a time.
• If one device is sending, the other
can only receive data and vice
versa.
• Thus a half duplex line can
alternately send and receive data.

DRAWBACKS OF HALF DUPLEX TRANSMISSION:

• In a half duplex system, the single line must be “turned around” each time the
direction is reversed. With high-speed requirements of the computer, this turn
around time is unacceptable in many instances.
• Also, some applications require simultaneous transmission in both directions.
Examples of
Half Duplex
Transmission

• Walkie talkie: Hand-held, portable, two-way radio wave transceiver.

 Full Duplex Transmission
• This mode of data
transmission is called as
duplex or full duplex
transmission.

• The information is
allowed to flow in both
directions (bidirectional)
at the same time
(simultaneously).

• The full duplex mode is

used when
communication in both
directions is required all
the time.
 Examples of full Duplex Transmission

Mobile phone network

Two way lane road

Review of Data Transmission Modes

Unidirectional flow of data

Bi-directional but data flows in

one direction at a time

Bi-directional flow of data at

the same time
Outline of the Lecture

03 Network Types
With respect to geographical location
 Network

• Two or more devices/computers connected together by a

medium such that they are sharing data and resources.
• The resources can be files, soft wares, printers, hard­-drives,
CPU etc.
The earth is connected with the help of an
huge network
 Types of Network
Computer Network can be categorized
into three types:

1. Types of Network with respect to

geographical location

2. Types of Network with respect to

physical layout (Topologies)

3. Types of Network with respect to

architecture (Client server and P2P)
 Types of Network with respect to
geographical location
As per the geographical location, networks are broadly
categorized into the following three ways:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network

• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a

private network that connects
computers and devices within a
limited area like a residence, an office,
a building or a campus.

• On a small scale, LANs are used to

connect personal computers to
printers.

• LANs can also extend to a few

kilometers when used by companies,
where a large number of computers
share a variety of resources like
hardware (e.g. printers, scanners,
audiovisual devices etc), software (e.g.
application programs) and data.
• Workstations/Clients
• Servers Components of
• Network Devices (Hub, Switch, Router)
• Communication channels/LAN Cables LAN
 Metropolitan Area Network
• MAN is a network designed to extend over an
entire city.
• It connects multiple LANs together.
• It is larger network than LAN that usually spans
several buildings in the same city or town.
Example:
• A television cable network that is available in
different parts of a city
• UBL network in different branches in a city
 Wide Area Network
• WAN provides long-distance transmission of data
over a large geographical area that may comprise
of a country, a continent or even the whole world.
• It connects multiple LANs and MANs into larger
working networks that may cover both national
and international locations.
• WANs can be connected together using
the Internet, or satellite links.
Example of WAN
• The Internet is a WAN.
• The computer network connecting
different branches of a bank in the
world is a WAN.
• LANs are often connected
to WANs, for example a school
network connected to the Internet. 
Thank You