CS F213

Object Oriented
Programming Dr .Abhijit Das
BITS CS&IS Dept.
Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
More on classes

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Ch.6 & 7 of T2.
The Complete Reference- Java, 11th Edition, Herbert
Schildt, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing.

And also refer to Class notes.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Method
s
General form of a method:
type methodname1(parameter-list)
{ body }
Overloading methods in Java
- In Java it is possible to define two or more methods in a
class with same name.
- In such case the methods are said to be overloaded.
- And this process is referred to as method overloading.
- This is how Java implements polymorphism-
“one interface multiple methods”

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Book
{
void test(int a)
{
System.out.println(“a is : “ + a);
}
void test(int a, int b)
{
System.out.println(“a and b are : “ + a+” AND “+b);
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Passing Objects
as parameters
class Line
{
int length;
Line (int l)
{length=l;
}
boolean
compare(L
ine x)
{
if(this.leng
th==x.leng
th) return
Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
class Module62
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Line l1=new Line(10);
Line l2=new Line(10);
boolean b=l1.compare(l2);
if (b)
System.out.printl
n(" Both l1 and l2
are of same
length");
else
}
System.out.printl
n(" l1 and l2 are
of different
length");
Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Parameter passing
(Call-b-value/call-by-reference)
class Line
{
int length;
Line(int l)
{ length=l;}
void doubleVal( int a)
{ a=a*2;}
void doubleLength(Line l)
{ l.length=l.length*2;}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Module63
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Line l1=new Line(2);
System.out.println("Call by value :"); System.out.println("value
of Line length before doubled is: "+
l1.length);
l1.doubleVal(l1.length);
System.out.println("value of Line length after doubled
is: "+
l1.length);
System.out.println("Now Call by reference :"); System.out.println("length
of the line before doubled is: "+ l1.length); l1.doubleLength(l1);
System.out.println("l
ength of the line after doubled is: "+ l1.length);
} Object Oriented Programming
} BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Recursio
n
Java supports recursion.
–Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of
itself.
–A method can call itself. Such methods are called
recursive methods.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Factorial
{
int fact(int n)
{
int result;
if(n==1) return 1;
result=fact(n-1) *
n;
return result;
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Recursion
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Factorial f= new Factorial();
System.out.println(“Factorial of 4 is: “+ f.fact(4));
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

fact(n) n fact(n-1) * n result
=====================================
fact(4) 4 fact(3)* 4 6*4=24
fact(3) 3 fact(2) * 3 2*3=6
fact(2) 2 fact(1) * 2 1*2=2
fact(1) 1 1 1

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Storage for Java
Programs
The memory used by a running java program is organized into
two areas, called segments: the stack segment and the
heap segment.

The stack is where memory is allocated for local variables

within methods.

The heap segment provides more stable storage of data for a

program; memory allocated in the heap remains in existence
for the duration of a program. Therefore static variables and
objects are allocated on the heap.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 When method is called space for parameters and
variables is allocated on the stack.
 The structure of the stack includes a stack frame for
each active method/procedure.
 There may be several frames in the stack at once for a
given method/procedure if it is recursive.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 When a method calls itself, new local variables and
parameters are allocated storage on the stack, and the
method code is executed with these new variables from the
start.
 As each recursive call returns, the old local variables and
parameters are removed from the stack, and the execution
resumes at the point of call inside the method.
 Execution of recursive calls are slow because of
overhead due to function calls.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Many recursive calls to a method can cause in stack
overflow.
 In such case Java run-time will throw an error. But this is a
rare event.
 The main advantage of recursion is that they can be used to
write clearer code for algorithms that are iterative in nature.
 While writing iterative methods we must include an IF
statement somewhere to force the method to return
without recursive call being executed.
 Otherwise it will never return.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Access Protection in
Java
Encapsulation gives rise to access control on class
members.
How a member can be accessed is determined by access
specifier.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Static
members
The static can be attached before instance variable or a method
name while declaring the same.
static variables
- they are global to class
- all instances will share the same copy
- not per instance basis
- can be called with class name without instances
static methods
- can call only static methods
- can access only other static data
- can not refer to this or super
- can be called with class name without instances
Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Nested
Class
A Nested class is a class defined in another class.
If class B is defined inside class A, it is known to A but not
outside A.
That is B does not exist independent of A.
All members (including private) of A are accessible by B.
But, A can not access members of B.
It is also possible to declare a nested class local to a block.
Any code outside Outer class cannot create an inner class
object.

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Outer
{
int outer_x;
Outer(){outer_x=10;}
void test(){ Inner inner=new Inner(); inner.display();}
class Inner
{
void display() {System.out.println(“ display outer_x =“
+outer_x); }
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

InnerDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Outer out=new Outer();
out.test();
}
}
Classes created
Outer.class
Outer$Inner.class
Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
class Outer
{
C:\Users\Admin\JavaPrograms>jav ac
int outer_x;
InnerClassDemo1.java
Outer() {outer_x=10;}
InnerClassDemo1.java:19: error:
class Inner cannot find symbol
{ int m; Inner in =new Inner(55);
Inner(int a) {m=a;} ^
} symbol: class Inner
} location: class InnerClassDemo1
class InnerClassDemo1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Inner in =new Inner(55);
System.out.println(" value of Inner clas m is: "+ in.m);
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Box
{
int length;
Box(int a) { length=a;}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Box b1=new Box(10); Box b2=b1;
System.out.println(" box b1 lenth is :"+b1.length);
System.out.println(" box b2 lenth is :"+b2.length);
Box b3=new Box(10);
System.out.println(" box b3 lenth is :"+b3.length);
if(b1==b2) System.out.println(" box b1 and b2 are same:");
else System.out.println(" box b1 and b2 are not
same:"); if(b1==b3) System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are
same:"); else System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are not
same:");
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Overriding
equals()
class Box
{
int length;
Box(int a) { length=a;}
public boolean equals(Object obj)
{
Box b=(Box)obj;
if(this.length==b.length) return true;
else return false;
}
}
Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Box b1=new Box(10);
Box b3=new Box(10);
if(b1==b3) System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are same:");
else System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are not same:");
if(b1.equals(b3))System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are same:"); else
System.out.println(" box b1 and b3 are not same:");
}
}

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Summar
y
 Adding Methods to class
 Method Overloading
 Parameter Passing
 Recursion with examples
 Instance variables
 The static keyword
 Nested Classes
 equals() method

Object Oriented Programming BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus