DFC 20113

PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS

Department : Information and Communication Technology

Politeknik Balik Pulau
 CLO

Upon completion of
this course, students
should be able to:
CLO1 - Implement CLO2 - Show simple
programming programs by developing
element and code to solve problems in a
articulate how they computer using C++
are used to achieve programming language.
a working program. ( P2, PLO 3 )
( C3, PLO 2 )
 CHAPTER 2
BASIC PROGRAM
ELEMENTS
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES

1 Identify the syntax used for

input and output

Design, implement, test and debug

2 program using data types.
Outline :

2.3 Describe input output statements

2.4 Explain operators and expression
INPUT OUTPUT STATEMENTS
 BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT
 C++ Programming uses a convenient abstraction
called streams to perform input and output operations in
sequential media such as the screen, the keyboard or a file
 A stream is an entity where a program can either insert or
extract characters to or from sequential media
 The streams are a source or destination of characters, and
that these characters are provided or accepted sequentially
 The standard library defines a handful of stream objects that
can be used to access what are considered the standard
sources and destinations of characters by the environment
where the program runs :

stream Description
cin Standard input stream
cout Standard output stream
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)
 On most program environments, the standard
output by default is the screen, and the C++
stream object defined to access it is cout
 Format / Syntax:
cout<<item1<<item2<<item3;

 Header File Needed :

<iostream>
using namespace std;
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)
i) Definition
cout is the Standard Output Stream
OBJECT.
<< is the Stream Insertion
Operator.
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)
ii) Getting Out Fixed Numeric Information
 Example1 :
cout<<250;
Generate an output of 250
 
 Example2:
cout <<1<<2<<3<<4;
Generate an output of 1234
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)

iii)Getting Out Fixed Character Information

 Example 1:
cout<<”Hello”;
Generate an output of Hello

 Example 2:
cout<<”Polytechnic Malaysia”;
Generate an output of Polytechnic Malaysia
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)
iv) Getting Out Variable Information
 
 Example 1:
char VariableName[4]=”Ali”; //Declare Variable
cout<<VariableName; //Getting out variable information

 
 Example 2:
int Nombor=99; //Declare Variable
cout<<Nombor; //Getting out variable information
 
 STANDARD OUTPUT (cin)
i) Definition
cin is the Standard Input Stream
OBJECT.
>> is the Stream Insertion
Operator.
 STANDARD INPUT (cin)
1. Format:
cin>>item1;

2. Header File Needed :

<iostream>
Using namespace std;

 3. Rules :
i) only one character is read at a time.
 STANDARD INPUT (cin)
Example 1:
#include <iostream> User type : abu
using namespace std;  Output :a
void main ( )  
User type : 79
{ Output :7
char Name;

cin>>Name;  
‘ \ 0’
cout<<Name;
} char : Name
 STANDARD INPUT (cin)
Example 2 :
#include <iostream> User type : abu
Using namespace std; Output : abu
 void main ( )  
{ User type : 79
char Name [20]; cin>>Name;
Output : 79
cout<<Name;
}
PROBLEM WITH cin WHEN READING string
 White space (Blanks, tabs, new lines and form
feed) are ignored by cin using >> operator and
left it in the keyboard buffer
 Example :

#include <iostream>
using namespace std; 
void main ( )
{
char Name [5]; u t
tp
cin>>Name;
ou
cout<<Name;
}

User type : abu mohd

Output : abu
PROBLEM WITH cin WHEN READING string
 Numeric value can be read as character, but
each digit is read as a separate character.

 This problem can be solve using cin.getline or

gets( ).
 
 cin is the Standard Input Stream Object
 
 >> is the Stream Extraction Operator.

 Multiple input cin>>item1>>item2;

 USING gets( );
 Use to read string, it will read white
space( space , form feed ….) and will stop until
reach ENTER, then will convert ENTER to null
terminator (\0) and save.

 ‘gets’ will read CRLF (produce by Enter) and

convert to null terminator and save.

 Header file needed : cstdio (Standard C++only )

Example : char name[20]; User type : Ali Bin Mohd

gets (name); output : Ali Bin Mohd
cout<<name;
 
 SOLUTION
 Must clean after using cin .
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
 
void main ( )
{
int Number;
char Name[10];
char address[20];
 
cin>>Number; // If user key in : 46 ‘enter’
gets(address); //clear white space (enter, space,…)
 
cout<<Number; //Screen output : 46
gets(Name); //If user key in : John Tan
cout<<Name; // Screen output :John Tan
}
OPERATORS AND EXPRESSION
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 Define operator

2 Explain the types of operators

3 Identify the syntax for each operator

with example

4 Differentiate the assignment and equality operator

Use input output statements.

5 Write expression using operators

6 Describe operators precedence

Solve expression according to the operators

7 and expression
 DEFINITION of OPERATOR
 A symbols that help us to perform specific
mathematical and logical computations on
operands
 Description : Operators are symbols which act on
variables or other entities that are called operands
and perform mathematical or logical operations to
modify their values and produce results accordingly
 An operator operates the operands
 Example :
c = a + b;
Symbol ‘+’ is the operator known as addition operator and ‘a’
and ‘b’ are operands.
The addition operator tells the compiler to add both of the
operands ‘a’ and ‘b’
 TYPES of OPERATOR
 5 types of operators :
i) Assignment operators
ii) Arithmetic operators
iii)Increment and Decrement operators
iv)Relational operators
v) Logical operators
 1) ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

 Example of assignment operators :

“=” : This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the
value on the right to the variable on the left.
For example : a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y';

“+=” : This operator is combination of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the
current value of the variable on left to the value on right and then assigns the result to
the variable on the left.
Example : (a += b) can be written as (a = a + b)
If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a += 6) = 11

“-=” : This operator is combination of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first subtracts
the value on right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the
result to the variable on the left.
Example : (a -= b) can be written as (a = a - b)
If initially value stored in a is 8. Then (a -= 6) = 2
 1) ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

 Assignment operators are used to assign value to a

variable.

 The left side operand of the assignment operator is a

variable and right side operand of the assignment
operator is a value.

 The value on the right side must be of the same

data-type of variable on the left side otherwise the
compiler will raise an error.
 2) ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

 The five arithmetical operations are:

Ope ra tion Symbol
Add +
Subtract -
Multiply *
Divide /
Modulus %
 Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
correspond literally to their respective mathematical operators
 The last one, modulus operator represented by a percentage
sign (%),and it gives the remainder of a division of two values
 Example 1 :

//This program demonstrate the

mathematic operation
#include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{
cout<<2+2<<endl;
cout<<5-2<<endl;
cout<<6/2<<endl;
cout<<10%3<<endl;
}
 Output
You will get : 4
3
3
1
( endl = endline, it is a Escape
Sequence Command like “\n” )
 Example 2: Using mathematics
operator to form a formula.
//Calculate the average of 3 input value
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
float g1,g2,g3,avg;
cout<<"Please key in the your score for 4 test \n";
cout<<" Test score 1 : ";
cin>>g1;
cout<<" Test score 2 : ";
cin>>g2;
cout<<" Test score 3 : ";
cin>>g3;
avg=(g1+g2+g3)/3;
cout<<"Your average score is "<<avg<<"\a\n";
}
 Modulus operator (%)
 Simply generate the remainder that when you
divide 2 integers.
Example :
i) 5 % 3 = 2, 5 divide by 3 remain 2.
ii) 5 % 4= 1
iii) 5 % 5 = 0
 The modulus operator can only used for Integers
and will generate a compiler error if you attempt
to apply it to floating values.
 21.0 % 2 = “Illegal use of floating point error”
because % can only use for integer value.
 Division
 Only the divide operator need special attention.
When you divide two integer number, you may get
a floating-point answer, the compiler will give you a
Warning of possible losing of data.

Example :
int answer; //define answer as integer
answer =10/3; // real answer = 3.3333 (floating point)
cout<<answer; // but you will get answer =3
 3) PRE-INCREMENT AND PRE-DECREMENT
OPERATORS

 PreIncrement ( + + X )
 PreDecrement ( - - X )
 PostIncrement ( X + + )
 PostDecrement( X - - )
1. + + X is equivalent to X+ 1.
2. - - X is equivalent to X-1.
Example:
 Y = + + x +5, mean X will be increment by
one before added to 5.
 Y = X -- +5 mean Y is equal to X + 5, and
after that the value of X will be decrement
by 1.
 Example of program
 //Example for preincrement and predecrement Memory Output :
#include <iostream>    
using namespace std;    
   
void main ( )    
{    
int x=5; ++X=X+1  
int y=10; X = 5+1 X=6
y=++x-5; //Preincrement Y = 6-5 Y=1
cout<<"\nY = "<<y;    
cout<<"\nX = "<<x;    
  Y = X-5
y=x-- -5; //Postdecrement Y = 6 -5 Y=1
cout<<"\nY = "<<y; X--= X-1  
cout<<"\nX = "<<x; X= 6-1 X=5
   
y=x++-5; //Postincrement Y = X-5  
cout<<"\nY ="<<y; Y = 5-5  Y = 0
cout<<"\nX ="<<x; X++ = X+1  
} X = 5+1 X=6
 COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT EXPRESSIONS

 Increment and decrement operators abbreviate

certain kinds of assignments.
 For example, the combined assignment :
n += 8;
has the same effect as the simple assignment

n=n+8;
It simply adds 8 to n
 Example 2
#include >iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// Tests combined operators:
void main ( )
{
 
int n = 44;
n +=9; //n= n+9
cout<<n<< endl;
n –=5 ; //n=n-5
cout <<n<< endl;
n *= 2; //n=n*2
cout <<n<< endl;
return 0;
}
 Output

53
48
96
 
The statement n += 9 adds 9 to n, the
statement n - =5 substract 5 from n,
n*= 2 multiplies n by 2.
4) RELATIONAL OPERATORS/BOOLEAN OPERATORS

Math Expression in C++

= ==
= !=
> >
>=
< <
<=
1. The test result / Output are either ‘yes’
or ‘no’ iaitu ‘1’ atau ‘0’ sahaja.
 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
== Checks if the values of two operands are equal (A == B) is not true.
or not, if yes then condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal (A != B) is true.

or not, if values are not equal then condition
becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater (A > B) is not true.
than the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than (A < B) is true.
the value of right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater (A >= B) is not true.
than or equal to the value of right operand, if
yes then condition becomes true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than (A <= B) is true.
or equal to the value of right operand, if yes
then condition becomes true.
 Program Example 1 :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{
int Number; cout <<”Please
press 5 and enter : ”; cin>>Number;
if ( Number = = 5 )
cout<<”You just press 5! “ else
cout<<”You did not press 5”;
}
 
 Output 1

User type: 3
Out :You did not press 5

User type: 5
Out : You just press 5.
 Program Example 2 :

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ cout << (3+4)<<”\n”;
cout<<(3>4)<<”\n”;
cout<<(3<4)<<”\n”;
cout<<( ‘j’ >’k’ )<<”\n”;
}
 Output 2

Output :

7
0
1
0
 5) LOGICAL OPERATORS
Math C++
AND &&
OR ||
NOT !
The test result / Output :
either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ - ‘1’ or ‘0’ only

A B A&&B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Example 1 :

( -6 < 0 ) && (12 > 10)

= 1 && 1
=1

(-6< 0 ) && 12 < 10)

= 1 && 0
=0
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN = (ASSIGNMENT) AND
== (EQUAL TO) OPERATORS

 The “=“ is used to assign the value on the right to the variable
on the left.
 The “==“ operator checks whether the two given operands
are equal or not. If so, it returns true. Otherwise it returns
false
 The differences can be shown in tabular form as follows:

ASSIGNMENT (=) EQUAL TO (==)

It is a relational or comparison
It is an assignment operator.
operator.
It is used for comparing two values.
It is used for assigning the value to
It returns 1 if both the values are
a variable.
equal otherwise returns 0.
Constant term can be placed in the
Constant term cannot be placed on
left hand side.
left hand side.
Example: 1==1 is valid and returns
Example: 1=x; is invalid.
1.
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 Definition : OPERATOR PRECEDENCE specifies
the order of operations in expressions that contain
more than one operator
 Operator precedence determines the grouping of
terms in an expression
 The associativity of an operator is a property that
determines how operators of the same precedence
are grouped in the absence of parentheses
 This affects how an expression is evaluated
 Certain operators have higher precedence than
others
 Example the multiplication operator has higher
precedence than the addition operator
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
No Operator Associate Type

1 []() left to right Highest

2 ++ -- ! right to left Unary

3 * / % left to right Multiplicative

 

4 + - left to right Additive

5 < <= > >= left to right Relational

6 == != left to right Equality

7 && left to right Logical AND

8 || left to right Logical OR

 

9 = += -= *= /= %=|| right to left Assignment

 

10 , left to right Comma

 
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
a) All operator within parentheses are performed
first. ( )
Example :
10 – ( 5+2 ) = 10 – ( 7 ) = 3

b) Parentheses within parentheses ( ( ) )

Inner parentheses will be performed first, from
inside out.
Example :
10 – ( 8 – ( 1 + 1) ) = 10 – (8-(2)) = 10 – (6) = 4
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

c) The *, /, % are performed first,

from left to right.
d) The +, - are performed last, from
left to right.
Exa :
4 * 5 – 10 10 - 3 * 3 /3
= 20 – 10 = 10 – 9 / 3
= 10 = 10 – 3
=7
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
 Example :
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int h=1, i=2,j=3,k=4; //initialized variables
int total=0;
total=(h < i + j && k);

cout<<total;

 Output :
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

 Example :
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

 Example :