High Speed

Switching and
Intelligent
Network
Architectures:
Traditional Telephone Networks

o Commonly referred to as PSTN

o PSTN Network composed of:
• Access devices
• Switching
• Transport
Generic Switch Architecture
Public Circuit Switched Network
Circuit Establishment
Switch
• Switching network
consists of series
of interlinked
nodes called
switches
 Structure of a Switch
 We use switches in two types of networks

 CIRCUIT SWITHCED NETWORK

PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK

 Circuit switches use either two technologies

 SPACE DIVISION SWITCHES

 TIME DIVISION SWITCHES
Space Division switches
• Originally developed for analog environment & has been
carried over to digital domain
• Transfer signal from a given input to a specific output (same
for any switch)
• Provide separate physical connection between inputs and
outputs
• Essentially a crossbar matrix
• Having electromechanical crossbar at each point which may
be enabled or disabled using control unit
Space division switch structure
Categories of space division switches
• Space division switches fall into two categories
 Crossbar space division switch

• Connects n inputs to m outputs in a

switch using micro switch
• At each cross-point
• For example:
• To connect 1000 inputs to 1000
outputs requires a switch with
1,000,000 cross-points
Crossbar Switch
• Every input port is connected to
every output port
NxN
• Output ports
Complexity scales as O()
Crossbar space division switch
Limitations of Crossbar Switch
• The number of cross-points grows within the square
of the number of attached stations
Costly for large switches

• Cross points are inefficiently utilized

Only a small fraction can engaged if many of stations wants
to send data

• Solution is to build multistage switch

 Multistage Space Division Switch
• By splitting the cross bar switch into smaller units & interconnecting
them, it is possible to build multistage switches with fewer
components
• If one path fails then their will be possibility of another path
• Reduce number of cross-points
• More than one path network
• Increased Reliability
• More complex control
• May be blocking
To Design a Three Stage Switch:
We follow these steps:
• Stage 1: We divide the N input lines into groups, each having
n lines. For each group we use one crossbar of size n*k,
where k is number of crossbars. The first stage have N/n
crossbars of n*k cross-points
• Stage 2: We use k crossbars, each of size (N/n * N/n) in
middle stage
• Stage 3: We use N/n crossbars, each of size k*n at the third
stage
Calculation formula of cross points
Three Stage Switch
Example to Design Three Stage Switch
Multistage Switch
Drawback of Multistage Switch
• Blocking during periods of heavy traffic
• The whole idea of switching is to share cross-points in middle
stage crossbars
• Sharing can cause a lack of availability, if resources are
limited and all users wants a connection at same time
• Blocking refers to times when one input cannot be connected
to an output because there is no path available between them
• In large systems having 1000 inputs and outputs, the number
of stages increased, As stages increases the blocking
possibilities increases as well.
Clos criterion
• Clos investigated the condition of non-blocking in multistage
switches and come up with the following formula
• In a non-blocking switch, the number of middle-stage
switches must be at least 2n-1. In other words, we need to
have k ≥ 2n-1
• According to the Clos criterion:

Cross-points ≥
Example
Time Division Switch
• Both voice and data can be sent through digital signals
• All modern circuits uses time division switches
• Time division switching uses time-division multiplexing
(TDM) inside a switch said to be Time Slot Interchange (TSI)
Time slot interchange
• Changed the order of slots based on desired connection.
Time slot interchange combines:
• TSI consists of Random Access Memory
The size of each location is same as the size of single time slot
• The RAM fills up with incoming data from the time slots in
order
received or we can be said sequentially controlled
• Control retrieve data from memory and passed to output in
desired manner. Selectively, not sequentially
Pros and Cons of Time & Space Switching
• Advantage of space division is that it is instantaneous
• Disadvantage is number of cross-points required to make
space division switching

• Advantage of time division switching is , it needs no cross-

points
• Disadvantage in case of TSI each connection creates delay
Structure of Packet Switching
• Switch structure has four components
• Input ports
• Output ports
• Routing processor
• Switching fabric
Input Ports
• All input ports performs the physical and data-link functions
• Bits are constructed from received signal
• Packets are de-capsulated from frame
• Errors are detected and corrected
• Packet is now ready to be routed by network
• In addition to physical-layer processor and data link processor the
input buffers to hold the packet
Output Ports
• Output performs the same as input functions but in reverse
order
• First the outgoing packets are queued, then packet is
encapsulated in frame
• Finally the physical layer functions are applied to frame to
create the signal to be sent on line
Routing Processor

• The routing processor performs the functions of Network

layer

• Destination address is used to find the address of next hop

• Routing processor searches from Routing table

Switching Fabrics
• Packet switch is to move packet from input port to output queue
• Speed affects the size of input/output queue
• Overall delay in packet delivery
• Input port stored packet in memory
• Output port retrieve packet from memory

Types of switch fabrics

 Cross-bar switch (same as discussed previously)
 Banyan switch
 Batcher banyan Switch
Banyan Switch
• Multistage switch with micro-switches at each stage that route the
packets based on output port represents as binary string
• For n inputs and n outputs, we have stages with n/2 micro-switches at
each stage
• Having three stages left bit, middle bit and right bit
Banyan Network
• A network of 2X2 switches
• Each element routes to output 0 or 1 based on packet
header
• A switch at stage i looks at bit i in the header
Banyan Network
Example
Batcher Banyan Switch
• Problem in Banyan switch: Possibility of internal collision
• Solve it by sorting arriving packets on destination port
• Trap module prevents duplicate packets from passing to banyan switch
Traditional Circuit Switching
Softswitch
What is a Softswitch?
Voice switching platform built in a distributed architecture, based
on open standard interfaces between its components and
supported by actual TDM (PDH/SDH) and packet switching
transport networks (IP).

o Performs the same functions as legacy PSTN Switches, but in a more

flexible, economic and open architecture.
o Softswitches leverage the actual data network technologies for
transporting voice media and signaling.
• Voice –VoIP (RTP/RTCP).
• Signaling –MGCP, MEGACO, SIGTRAN, SIP, SNSP, etc.
Distributed Softswitch Model
Legacy Switch vs. Softswitch
SS in NGN Architecture
SCP IAD Manager NMS Value added servers Router Server

Service

Softswitch Softswitch

Control

Core Core Packet Network

Media Media
IAD IAD Soft-Phone
Gateway Gateway BGW
interfaces interfaces
Access

Private
PSTN/ Broadband
SS7 ISDN Network
Network Access

PBX
SS in NGN Architecture
Control and signalling stream NMS

Media and control stream SNMP

App Server AAA Server

SNMP
API/SIP Radius

SCP SIP-T
Softswitch Softswitch

IP Core Network
INAP/TCAP
ISUP/IP
INAP/T CAP/IP
H.323
H.248/MGCP H.248
SIP H.323
SG MG MG GW
IAD
ISUP/MT P T DM

PST N/ISDN
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #

Telephone
SIP Phone
Computer T elephone Computer
No.7 Network

Telephone Computer
 Protocol support capability
• Call control protocol
• ISUP 、 TUP over IP ； Q.931 ； BICC ； SIP-T ； H.323
• Transportation control protocol
• TCP 、 UDP ； SCTP ； TCAP/SCCP/M3UA
• Media control protocol
• H.248 ； SIP ； MGCP
• Service application protocol
• INAP （ CS2 ）； LDAP ； RADIUS
• OAM protocol
• SNMP
• LAN protocol
• IEEE802.3 ， IEEE 802.3u ； TCP/IP protocol suite
 Functions
• Call Control Processing
• Accomplishing basic call processing and enhanced call processing.
• Protocol Adaptation
• Adaptation processing between accessing protocols.
• Service Interface Provisioning
• Provisioning with open and standard interfaces for service platforms.
• Interconnection and Interoperation
• Interconnection and interoperation with other softswitch components.
• Application System Support
• Support of accounting, authentication, maintenance and management, etc.
• Resource control
• Centralized management for system resources such as resources allocation, release
and
• control, etc.