UNIT-5 Part-A
UNIT-5 Part-A
UNIT-5 Part-A
• The baseband signal s(t) and carrier signal c(t) are applied as an input to the modulated stage.
• The carrier signal is varied in accordance with the message signal.
• If the amplitude of the carrier is varied with respect to message signal is called amplitude modulation.
• If the frequency of the carrier is varied with respect to message signal is called frequency modulation.
• The output signal of the modulated stage is called modulated signal x(t).
• The voltage of the modulated signal is amplified and fed to power amplifier stage.
• Power Amplifier: The power of the modulated signal is amplified thus it carries enough power to
reach the receiver stage of the system. Finally the signal is passed over the channel.
NOTE: Antenna converts electrical signals into EM waves.
Frequency Range & It’s Application
Communication Channel
• Communication channel is a medium through which the signals is sent from one place to another.
• Types of Medium:
• Electrical Conductors.
• Optical Media.
• Free Space.
• System Specific media (Eg: Water is a medium for SONAR)
• The transmission medium between the transmitter and the receiver is called a Channel.
• Noise gets added in the channel hence transmitted signal should have adequate power to withstand the
channel noise.
• The channel characteristics also impose constraints on the Bandwidth.
• Bandwidth is a range of frequencies that is used for transmitting a signal.
• Depending on the physical implementations, one can classify the channels in the following two groups:
• Hard wired (Hardware) channels.
• Soft wired (Software) channels.
Hardwired (Hardware) Channels
• These are manmade structures which can be used as transmission medium. There are
following three possible implementations of the hardware channels.
• Transmission lines.
• Waveguides.
• Optical Fiber Cables (OFC).
• Transmission lines are not suitable for ultra high frequency (UHF) transmission.
• To transmit UHF range waveguides will be used.
• Optical fiber cables are highly sophisticated transmission media in which signals are
transmitted in the form of light energy.
Soft-wired (Software) Channels
• Natural resources which can be used as the transmission medium for signals.
Example: Air or Open space and Sea water.
• The signals are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic (EM) waves also called
radio waves.
• Radio waves travel through open space at a speed equal to that of light.
where speed of light is (c=3 x 108 m/s).
NOISE
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitude modulation (AM) -modulation technique in which the instantaneous
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the analog modulating signal to be transmitted
• Modulating signal - an analog baseband signal which is random and has a low
frequency
CS = 2× ∆f
• The cellular technology was introduced by researchers from BELL Laboratory in 1947.
• For a proper cellular communication it was determined that the larger geographical area must
be subdivided into a small sections called cells which uses the concept of frequency reuse to
increase the capacity of a wireless and mobile telephone channel.
• In a wireless communication, base stations will be used to provide a connection to all the
mobile users within the coverage area and the Base Station(BS) must be connected to a
central hub called Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
• As the number of users increase, the infrastructure and antenna sites has to increase to provide
better facility and quality of service (QOS).
Cellular Telephone System
Cellular Telephone System
A cellular system comprises of following basic components:
• Mobile Station (MS): This is the mobile handset, which is used by an user to communicate
with another user.
• Cell: Each Cellular service area is divided into small regions called cell (5 to 20 KM).
• Base Station (BS): Each cell contains an antenna, which is controlled by a small office.
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Each base station is controlled by a switching office called
mobile switching center.
Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse
• The group of cells in a smaller areas are known as Clusters. Conversations can be handed off
from cell to cell to maintain constant phone service as the user moves between cells.
• Cells can be sized according to the subscriber density and demand. As the demand grows
cells can be added to accommodate the growth.
• Small sized cells can be used to meet the demand but it will increase the Co-Channel
Interference (CCI). Thus it affects the QOS.
• Frequency reuse is a concept in cellular radio system in which the total available
channels are divided into a number of channel sets and each channel set is assigned to
a cell.
First Generation (1G) Technology
• The original cellular networks, now named as 1G, provided analog traffic channels and were
designed to be an extension of the public switched telephone networks.
• Users with brick - sized cell phones placed and received calls in the same fashion as landline
subscribers. (Circuit switching)
• The most widely deployed 1G system was the Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMTS),developed by AT&T.
• The channels (frequency bands) carry the conversations in analog using Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) .
• It provides speed up to 2.4Kbps.
• 800MHz spectrum (25MHz bandwidth) – voice and control channels ; each 30KHz
• The number of channels is inadequate for many larger areas. It has low capacity, unreliable
handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all.
Second Generation (2G) Technology
• Second-generation (2G) systems were developed to provide higher - quality signals, higher data rates for
support of digital services and greater capacity. Key differences between 1G and 2G networks are as below:
1. Digital traffic channels: The most notable difference between the two generations is that 1G systems are
almost purely analog, whereas 2G systems are digital.
• In particular, 1G system is designed to support voice channels; (digital traffic is supported only by the use of a
modem that converts the digital data into analog form).
• 2G systems provide digital traffic channels. 2G systems readily support digital data, voice traffic is first
encoded in digital form before transmitting.
2. Encryption: Because all of the user traffic, as well as control traffic, is digitized in 2G systems, it is a
relatively simple matter to encrypt all of the traffic to prevent eavesdropping. All 2G systems provide this
capability, whereas 1G system sends user traffic in the clear, providing no security.
3. Error detection and correction: The use of error detection and correction techniques in digital traffic stream
of 2G systems is very easy. So, the result will be usually with fewer errors.
4. Channel access: In 1G system, each cell supports a number of channels. At any given time a channel is
allocated to only one user. 2G systems also provide multiple channels per cell, but each channel is dynamically
shared by a number of users using time division multiple access (TDMA).
Second Generation (2G) Technology
• IS-136
• IS-95
• GSM
Third Generation (3G) Technology
• The objective of the third generation (3G) wireless communication is to provide fairly high –speed wireless
communications to support multimedia, data and video in addition to voice. The dominant technology for
3G systems is CDMA.
• The design features of CDMA are:-
1. Bandwidth: An important design goal for all 3G systems is to limit channel usage to 5MHz. (GSM –
200KHz)
2. Data rate: The data rates of 144 and 384 kbps are usually supported by 3G network. Some 3G systems
also provide support up to 2 Mbps for office use.
3. Multirate: The term multirate refers to the provision of multiple fixed-data-rate channels to a given user,
in which different data rates are provided on different channels. The advantage of multirate is that the system
can flexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from a given user. (clean/noisy environment, music)
• Universal mobile telecommunication system(UMTS) and CDMA-2000 are two main 3G networks used.
FOURTH GENERATION(4G) TECHNOLOGY
• LTE or Long Term Evolution is the brand name given to the efforts of 3GPP 4th Generation
technology development efforts mostly in Europe and UMB (Ultra-Mobile Broadband) is the
brand name for similar efforts by 3GPP2 in North America.
• The technical specifications approved by 3GPP for the LTE project include
I. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
II. Advanced antenna technologies such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
OFDMA
Problems
• A 100MHz carrier wave is frequency modulated by a 10KHz sinusoidal modulating
signal. If the maximum frequency deviation is 50KHz, find the modulation index.
Also find Carrier Swing? [ 5 Marks]