Water Supply

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7.5.

WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN:


 Refers to the variation in the amount of water consumed
with respect to time.
 Depends on several factors which are listed below.

Factors:
 People’s habit
 Climatic conditions
 Time of the day( day, noon,
morning and evening)
Source: www.kathmandupost.com
 Geographic location
Fig: Water consumption pattern recommended by the Department of Water
Supply and Sewerage(DWSS)
Source: Water Supply Engineering, Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar

 This consumption pattern should be modified for urban water supply


systems as the water demand in rural areas is met entirely through
the public standposts only.

 Water consumption pattern should be project specific and should be


developed based on detailed study such as socio-economic survey
and meter reading of the existing system.
Numerical Problems:
Calculation of capacity of reservoir.

Source: Water Supply Engineering by Dr.


BR Kansakar
-> Solution:

• First, we calculate Total Demand and Total Supply.


• If Total Demand=Total Supply, then capacity of reservoir =
Maximum surplus.
In the above question,
Fro To Hours Water Supply Dema Surpl Deficit
m Consumption( m3 nd us m3
%) m3 m3
5.00 7.00 2 25 180 540 - 360
7.00 12.00 5 30 450 648 - 198
12.0 17.00 5 15 450 324 126 -
0
17.0 19.00 2 20 180 432 - 252
0
19.0 5.00 10 10 900 216 684 -
0
Tota 2160 2160 810 810
l
Here, Total Demand=Total Supply= 2160m3
Hence, capacity of reservoir =Maximum Surplus value = 684m3
Source: Water Supply
Solution: Engineering, by Dr. BR
Kansakar
Demand per day = 2160m3/day=180m3/hour
Inflow to the reservoir = 180m3/hour
This is the case of intermittent water supply system.
So, water is supplied in two shifts. First shift: 5.00 to 7.00 = 2 hours
& Second shift: 16.00 to 18.00 = 2 hours
Similarly, pumping system is intermittent too.
Pumping period: First shift = 4.00 to 10.00 = 6 hours
& Second shift = 16.00 to 22.00 = 6 hours

From To In Out Supply Demand Surplu Deficit


m3 m3 s m3
m3

5.00 7.00 2 2 360 1080 - 720


7.00 16.00 3 - 540 - 540 -
16.00 18.00 2 2 360 1080 - 720
18.00 5.00 5 - 990 - 990 -
Total 2160 2160 1440 1440
For first period 5.00 to 7.00:
This period falls on both pumping and supply period. Hence In
hours=Out hours=2 hours.

For 7.00 to 16.00:


Total hours=9 hours. But it falls on pumping period only from 7.00
to 10.00. Hence In hours=3 hours.

And so on…

Also, Demand is divided in two shifts only. Hence demand at first


shift = Demand at second shift = 2160/2=1080

And, Total demand = Total supply.


Hence, capacity of reservoir = Maximum Surplus = 990m3
Source: Water Supply Engineering,
by Dr. BR Kansakar
Solution:
Water demand = 66370 liters/day = 2765.42 liters/hr.
Water tapped from source = 0.78 liters per second= 2808 liters/hr.

Hence, this is ok since, water tapped from source > water demand
In this case, total supply > total demand.
Fro To Hours Water Supply Deman Surpl Deficit
m Consumption( (l) d us liters
%) liters liters
5.00 7.00 2 25 5616.0 16592 - 10976.
5
7.00 12.00 5 35 14040 23229. - 9189.5
5
12.0 17.00 5 20 14040 13274 766 -
0
17.0 19.00 2 20 5616 13274 - 7658
0
19.0 5.00 10 0 28080 0 2808 -
0 0
Tota 100 67392 66370 2884 27824
l 6

Capacity of reservoir =Total deficit – Minimum Surplus = 27824-766 =


27058 liters.
7.7. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

• Network of pipelines that conveys water to the consumers in the


community.
• Layout of distribution system depends on the layout of the roads in the
community.
• There are four systems of layout of distribution system:

Dead End Grid Iron Ring Radial


System System System System
7.7.1 DEAD END SYSTEM:
 Consists of one supply or trunk main.
Main Sub Main Service
Connection
 Main branches to submains, which
then branches to Service Connection.
 No cross connections between
branches and submains.
 Cutoff Valve present at each Sub
Main.
 Also known as Tree or branched
system. Source: Water Supply Engineering,
 Adopted in towns or cities which have Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
developed haphazard manner without
proper planning.
Disadvantages:
Advantages: I. Stagnation of water and
accumulation of sediments
I. Simple and easy design
at dead ends.
calculations.
II. Large number of scour
II. Cheap and economical
valves are required at dead
design.
ends.
III.Simple and easy layout.
III.Repairs to any pipe section
IV. Less number of cutoff
is hectic.
valves to be employed.
IV. Discharge available for fire
fighting will be limited.
7.7.2 GRID IRON
SYSTEM:

 Also known as interlaced system or


reticulation system.
 Mains, submains and branches are
interconnected forming loops.
 Improvement over the dead end
system.
 No dead ends in this system, hence Source: Water Supply Engineering, by
Dr. BR Kansakar
no stagnation of water.
 Water is available from more than
one direction, hence uninterrupted
supply.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Free water circulation 1. Large number of cut
without stagnation or valves are required.
sediment deposit. 2. Requires pipes of longer
2. Water available to each length.
point with minimum loss of
3. Analysis of discharge,
head.
pressure and velocities
3. Easy repairing as only small becomes cumbersome.
area is affected. 4. Cost of laying down pipe
4. Enough water is available is more.
for fire fighting.
7.7.3 RING SYSTEM:
 Main pipe is laid to form a closed
ring.
 Also known as circular system.
 Entire distribution area is divided into
small circular or rectangular blocks.
 Type of looped system.
 Submains run on most of the interior
part of the area.
 Suitable for well planned streets and
roads. Source: Water Supply
Engineering, by Dr. BR Kansakar
 Very much similar to grid iron system
in terms of advantages and
disadvantages.
7.7.4 RADIAL SYSTEM:
 Reverse of ring as water flows towards the
outer periphery.
 Entire distribution area is divided into
small distribution zone.
 Each zone is provided with a distribution
reservoir.
 Water from main pipe is conveyed to
distribution reservoir by either pumping or
gravity. Source: Water Supply Engineering, by
 Pipes are laid radially and water is Dr. BR Kansakar

supplied towards distribution reservoir


through these pipes.
 Efficient, quick service at high pressure
with minimum head loss.

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