GENERATOR OPERATION

HYDRO

PUMP STORAGE WATER

DRIVEN
TIDAL

G
OCEAN WAVES

WIND AIR DRIVEN TURBINE ~
GEOTHERMAL

NUCLEAR FISSION STEAM DRIVEN

COAL
MHD ENHANCED

OIL EFFICIENCY
GAS DRIVEN
GAS (NATURAL) G
INTERNAL 
DIESEL (OIL) COMBUSTION ~
NUCLEAR FISSION
ENGINE
DIRECT CONVERSION

SOLAR DIRECT CONVERSION

The generation of electricity using a
multi-stage steam turbine.
Types of Hydro Plants
 Major Generating Stations in
TE WA
(6 4 MW)
2 x 3 4 MW GT
Peninsular Malaysia
G LGR
(1 1 0 MW)
1 x 1 1 0 MW GT P ERG AU 4 x1 5 0 MW LE GE ND
P AKA
BE RSIA 3 x2 3 MW (1 1 1 3 MW)
P RAI TE MEN GO R P OWER STAT IO N
KE NE RIN G 4 x8 2 MW 3 x 2 8 4 MW C C
(3 6 0 MW) Hy d r o
3 x3 6 MW 1 x 2 6 1 MW C C
3 x 1 2 0 MW CON V S G. PIAH U PP ER KE NYIR 4 x1 0 0 MW TN B
CH END ERO H 2 x7 . 3 MW
3 x1 0 MW IPP
S GRI 1 x8 MW YTL PAKA
(1 3 0 3 MW)
(8 3 4 MW)
2 x 6 5 1 .5 MW CC
2 x 4 1 7 MW C C
P KLG J OR 4 x 2 5 MW
(1 5 8 4 MW) WOH 3 x 5 0 MW
4 x 3 0 0 MW CON V O DAK 3 x1 . 4 MW SOUTH CHINA
3 x 1 1 0 MW GT YTL PG
2 x 2 7 MW GT SEA
(4 1 7 MW)
S RDG
CBP S 1 x 4 1 7 MW C C
(8 8 4 MW) (6 1 0 MW)
1 x 3 0 0 MW CC 2 x 1 1 0 MW G T
P GP S
4 x 1 3 0 MW GT 3 x 1 3 0 MW G T
2 x 3 4 MW GT (7 8 9 MW)
2 x 1 2 0 MW C ONV
P DPW 1 x 2 6 1 MW C C
(4 4 0 MW) G SYN
(7 1 0 MW) 2 x 1 1 0 MW G T
4 x 1 1 0 MW G T
1 x7 1 0 MW CC 2 x 3 4 MW GT

TJ P S
(3 3 0 MW)
2 x 5 7 MW CON V
2 x 5 5 MW CON V No te :
3 x 1 2 0 MW C ONV CC - Co m b in e d Cyc le
MCCA
(3 3 0 MW) G T - Ga s Tu r b in e
P WT K CO NV - Co n ve n tio n a l Th e r ma l
(4 4 0 MW) 1 x 3 3 0 MW C C
4 x 1 1 0 MW G T
De s ig n b y Zu l
 TYPICAL DAILY LOAD CURVE
MW9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

WEEKDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY RAYA

Butir-butir Ringkasan Sistem (22 Mei
2002)

JUMLAH KAPASITI 13,910 MW

KAPASITI TNBG
6,750 MW
KAPASITI TNBH
1,911 MW
KAPASITI IPP
PERMINTAAN TERTINGGI 5,249 MW
KAPASITI MARGIN SIMPANAN 10,783 MW
PERMINTAAN TENAGA 3,609MW (25.9%)
TERTINGGI
216.4 GWH / HARI
 3 TYPES OF IPPs

1. MUST BUY (NOT DESPATCHABLE) - YTL

Minimum annual purchase of energy

2. DESPATCHABLE BASE LOAD - GENTING SANYEN

(CCGT’s) - SEGARI
Capacity payment (high) - PAHLAWAN
Energy payment (low) - GB3
- PANGLIMA

3. DESPATCHABLE PEAK LOAD - PORT DICKSON POWER

(OCGT’s) - POWERTEK
Capacity payment (low)
Energy payment (high)
 Principle of Excitation
The strength of magnetic field is determined by;
• The magnitude of current flow in coil
• The turns of windings
• The material of the core
DC Generator as Exciter
4 Poles Rotor
Can you see the field winding?
How is it connected?
Rotating Field

• Advantages
– Smaller voltage and amperage i.e only the
excitation voltage and current
– The size of rotating mass is reduced
– Only a pair of slip ring is required for 3 phase
rotating field versus a minimum of 3 rings for
a 3 phase stationary field alternator
– Easy to insulate
Equivalent Ckt Of AC Generator

Xs
Vt
Ea

Ea = Vt + jXs

Ea = internal generated voltage

Vt = terminal voltage
Xs = synchronous reactance
• Internal generated voltage
• Ea =4.44KpKdnf
– 4.44 = 2
– n, speed, rpm
– f, frequency
– , flux, Henry
– KpKd, winding factor
Induced Voltage

• Eaa’=Ncsint
• Ebb’=Ncsin(t -120)
• Ecc’=Ncsin(t -240)

 Emax = Nc…. =2f

= 2Ncf
Erms = 2Ncf /2
= 2Ncf
= 4.44Ncf
Winding factors

• Distribution factors (Kd)

– Algebraic sum of all the emf in the distributed winding
Algebraic of all emf in a concentrated winding
– RU/nRS S T
Y
– 2RX/n(2RY) R X U
– RX/nRY 
– ORsin(n/2)/nORsin(/2) n
n/2 o
– Sin(n/2)/nsin(/2)
 Winding factors
Full pitch Short pitch

• Pitch factor (Kp) 180 180-

– Voltage induced in short pitch e1 e2 e1 e2
Voltage induced in normal pitch
– ot/2E
– 2ou/2E ec ec
– 2(oscos /2 )/2E E1=E2=E E1 E2
Full pitch

– 2(Ecos/2)/2E Short pitch

Ec
E s
– cos /2 o /2
1

E2
u /2

Ec t
EAmax Vo IAmax

1. Rotating Field produce

BR Internal Voltage EAmax
Bnet 2. IAmax lags EAmax When
connected to lagging load
3. IAmax produce magnetic
BS field BS Which Produce
EStat
Estat 4. Field BS add to BR = Bnet
The voltage Estat adds to EA
Producing VO
Vo = EA + Estat
Bnet = BR + Bs
EAmax
Plane of
IAmax
Iqmax

w Fq Plane of
Idmax
Fd Fs = Stator magnetomotive force
Fs
Fq = Quadrature axis component
of magnetomotive force
Fd = Direct axis component of
magnetomotive force
Plane of EAmax
Plane of
max Iq
IAmax
Iqmax

w Bq Eq,max
Plane of MAX
Bd Idmax
Bs
Vo = EA + Ed + Eq

Edmax
Factors Causing The Difference Between EA
and Vo
• Armature Reaction : The distortion
air-gap magnetic field by the
current flowing in the stator
• Self-inductance of the armature
coils
• Resistance of the armature coils
• Effect of salient-pole rotor shapes
Losses
• Stray losses
– Unevenly current distribution in cu coils
– Load current distortion on magnetic flux
• Mechanical losses
– Friction
– Windage
– Loss of power
• Core losses
– Eddy current & hysteresis loss
• I2R losses
Generator Losses and Efficiency
• Losses determine the efficiency of a generator
and may influence its operating costs
considerably
• Losses determine the amount of heating of a
generator and thus the power output that may
be obtained without overheating of the coils’
insulation
• Power losses involve both voltage drops and
current flow and need to be considered when
determining a generator’s efficiency
Why Wedging the winding

• To avoid
– Twisting of conductor during heavy power
surge
– Distortion of winding(if synchronising out of
phase)
Synchronising

• Each time an additional generator is brought into

service, it must be electrically connected to the
system by following a procedure called
synchronising
Synchronising Method
• Super-Synchronising-oncoming frequency high
• Sub-Synchronising-oncoming frequency low
• Synchronising method for different type of
generator
– Steam Turbine Generator – super synchro.
– Gas Turbine – sub synchro
– Diesel Gen., - super synchro
– Pp. Storage
• Motoring mode – super/sub synchro
• Generating mode – sub-synchro
Paralleling Generator on a System
• Phase rotation must be the same
• The frequency of the oncoming generator must
be the same with the system
• The voltage of the oncoming generator must be
the same with that of the system
• The oncoming generator must have the same
phase angle
Procedure for paralleling Generator
• Using voltmeter, adjust the field current to get the
oncoming generator terminal voltage = the line voltage
of the running system
• The phase sequence of the oncoming generator must be
compared to the phase sequence of the running system
and must be same.
How ?
i) connect induction motor
ii) 3-light-bulb-method
• The oncoming generator is adjusted to be slightly higher
than the frequency of the running system
why?
Cont…
• Once the frequencies are very near equal and when the
phases angles are equal, the CB connecting the 2 systems
is closed.
How to know?
i) 3-bulbs method
dark lamp method – when at the darkest
bright lamp method – when at the brightest
ii) use s’scope,
s’scope needle clockwise - oncoming gen. fast
s’scope needle a/clockwise - oncoming gen. slow
s’scope needle vertical (12 o’clock) - oncoming gen. in
phase, & voltage in phase breaker can be closed
s’scope needle stop at 3 o’clock?
 EA EAAa
EA a) Voltage = Voltage Ea
b) Freq. = freq.
Ea c) Ph.Seq. = ph. Seq.
d) Ph.Angle = ph.angle Eb
Ec Eb EA EAa
Ea EBb EB
EB
a) Voltage = voltage EC Ec
ECc
EC b) Freq. = freq. Ec
c) Ph.Seq. = ph. Seq. c)
ECc
EB a) Voltage = voltage
EC EBb b) Freq. = freq.
a) Voltage = voltage Eb
b) Freq. = freq. c) Ph.Seq. = ph. Seq.
c) Ph.Seq. = ph. Seq. ECA
Ea EAa
EA Ec

Ea
ECc

EC

EC EBc
EB EB
b)
EBb

Eb
Power, Generator send to Busbar

• Power send to infinite

B/B
P = VIcosθ per phase Ef
From diag., use SIN RULE
E/sin (90+θ) = IaXs/sinδ IaXs
δ Vt
Esinδ =IaXscosθ θ
Ia
Iacosθ = Esinδ/Xs
T/f P = VEsinδ/Xs per δ – sudut beban
phase
GENERATOR ON INFINITE BUSBAR
• The frequency and terminal voltage of the
generator are controlled by the system to
which it is connected
• The governor set points of the generator
control the real power supplied by the
generator to the system
• The field current in the generator controls
the reactive power supplied by the
generator to the system
 The effect of increasing the governor set
point
E”A
E’A Pg3
I’’A EA Pg1 Pg2
I’A
IA Vθ

The magnitude of EA constant When the governor setpoint is increased,

The field current, If unchanged Power supplied by the generator increased
The speed of rotation  unchanged EA sin  is further increased
The effect of increasing Generator’s field
current
EA E’A E’’A
αP
jXsIA αP
jXsI”A
IA
αQ
αQ
I’A VФ
I”A
The power supplied by the generator constant
The governor setpoint not changed
ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL OPERATION
• Can supply bigger load
• Increases the reliability of the power
system
• Can be removed for shutdown and
preventive maintenance
• Operation according to the demand
 SPINNING RESERVE

• GENERATING CAPACITY THAT IS ON THE

ON THE LINE AND THAT IS IN EXCESS OF
THE LOAD ON THE SYSTEM

• DESIRED AMOUNT OF SPINNING RESERVE

BASED ON RISKS AND ECONOMICS
 SPINNING RESERVE

 SPECIFIED BASED ON RISKS, ALLOWANCES FOR

FORECAST ERROR AND REGULATING REQUIREMENT
 SHOULD BE UNDER THE SCRUTINY OF THE SYSTEM
OPERATOR IS ITS LOCATION AND MAKEUP
SPINNING RESERVE
• A VERY IMPORTANT FACTOR IN
MAINTAINING PROPER SPINNING RESERVE
IS TO HAVE THE RESERVE DISTRIBUTED
OVER SEVERAL UNITS THROUGHOUT THE
SYSTEM
• ADEQUATE SPINNING RESERVE IS ONE OF
THE MAJOR FACTORS IN MAINTAINING
POWER SYSTEM SECURITY
Generator Losses
• Copper losses – heat energy emitted due to
resistance of copper coil when current flow
• Mechanical losses – mixture of bearing friction
loss, brush friction loss and the loss of power
due to the total efforts required to ventilate and
cool a generator
• Core loss – loss in iron core due to eddy current
and hysteresis. Hysteresis and eddy current
occurs due to changing of flux in the core.
• Stray loss – due to non-uniform distribution of
current in coil and distortion of stator magnetic
flux
Generator Operating on Infinite Busbar
• The frequency and terminal voltage of the
generator are controlled by the system to
which it is connected
• The governor set points of the generator
control the real power supplied by the
generator to the system
• The field current in the generator controls
the reactive power supplied by the
generator to the system
vC vB
vA vA

acb phase sequence

abc phase sequence
vC
vB
LOAD
GEN 1

GEN 2